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aert, ert are patronymics. I have a list of upwards of a thousand of such names. Among others are Abélard, Ballard, Billard, Bollaert, Colard, Collard, Gillard, Jacquemard, Jobard, Jobart, Jonnard, Mozart, Musard, Philippard, Philippart, Simonard, Stevenard, Willard. In some names, mostly of German origin, as Cunard, Hunnard, Leotard, Maynard (inverse of Hartmann), Nothard, Richard, the termination is from hart, hardt, strong; others, as Rambert (inverse of Bertram), Robert, Rupert, are from brecht, precht, bright (clarus, præclarus). R. S. CHARNOCK.

COGONAL (7th S. v. 87, 197) I would suggest means a collection of plants of the willow or ozier tribe. Probably from cogul, a kind of willow, whose shoot is used for firewood ('Salva,' second edition, 1847). The o for u is not uncommon. Conf. cogolla-cogulla, &c. The formation of the collective noun by the elision of the final letter and addition of al or nal is very usual. Thus paja means a straw, a reed, and makes pajonal, a collection of reeds; icho makes ichal, &c. H. GIBSON.

SCOTT OF ESSEX (7th S. v. 467).—I have in my Suffolk collections a MS. pedigree of the Scott family of Glemsford, co. Suffolk, wherein is mention of three William Scotts. Thus: William Scott, of Scott's Hall, Kent, Knight, married Elizabeth, daughter of Vincent Herbert, als. Finch, temp. Henry VI. (1422-61). Another William Scott, of Scott's Hall, married Sibill, daughter of Sir Thomas Lewknor, temp. Henry VIII. Another William Scott married Margery, daughter of William, Lord Winsor, anno 32 Henry VIII. These facts, giving early dates, may be of use to your correspondent BALIOL; and the pedigree comprises many other names and branches of the Scott families, and appears to have been compiled for the use of the American branch of the Scotts. C. GOLDING. Colchester.

WATER FLOW (7th S. vi. 88).-The creek may be fed by an underground reservoir, with a curving channel as an outlet, forming a natural siphon; the reservoir might be a long time in filling till it reached the level of the highest point of the siphon, when it would flow strongly till it was emptied down to the level of the opening of the siphon into the reservoir. I have seen somewhere (alas! no note made) an account, with a diagram, of a "Sabbatical spring" in Palestine, which flows (they say) so as to observe the Sabbath, and it is explained in this way. The fact that rain had not recently fallen need be no difficulty, for surface water takes a long time to make its way through some formations.

ERNEST B. SAVAGE, F.S.A.

St. Thomas, Douglas, I.O.M.

CHRISTABEL (7th S. iv. 368, 412; vi. 130).— Coleridge may have invented this name, but it was in existence before his time. "It is," says Miss Yonge, "to be found in Cornwall in 1727, and in the North of England. It occurs at Crayke, in Yorkshire, between 1538 and 1652" (Christian Names,' 1884, p. 104). Č. C. B.

THE WRECK OF THE BIRKENHEAD (7th S. vi. 108).-As I have a duplicate, I have pleasure in forwarding for H. M. L. a copy of 'Great Shipwrecks during Queen Victoria's Reign,' compiled for and published by an enterprising business house here last year, and sold by them for the small sum of one penny. It is now, I believe, out of print. As regards the loss of the Birkenhead, it contains the statement of Capt. Wright, of the 91st Regiment, and also extracts from that of Capt. Bond, of the 12th Lancers. All the most important shipwrecks during the last fifty years are included in the pamphlet. J. F. MANSergh.

Liverpool.

P.S.-I would draw H. M. L.'s attention to the loss of the Northfleet (p. 65).

[The pamphlet has been forwarded to H. M. L.] PRIVATE TUTOR OF JOHN WILKES (7th S. vi. H. M. L. will find a full account in 'Shipwrecks 149).—T. A. T. seems to assume that the dissent- and Disasters at Sea,' of which I forget the author. ing clergyman named Leeson occupied the vicarage A concise description appears in Stocqueler's house at Aylesbury in some official or quasi-clerical History of the British Army.' The 'Household capacity. Of course this is, as Euclid so often Narrative' (Dickens) for April, 1852, contains the says, absurd. But suppose the vicar were non-report of Capt. Wright of the 91st, the senior resident, and Mr. Leeson rented the house? We surviving officer. all know how frequent was non-residence at that time-presumably, since Wilkes was born in 1727, between 1740 and 1745.

C. F. S. WARREN, M. A. THE GREAT CRYPTOGRAM (7th S. vi. 25, 151).It is worth noting that the arithmetical pretensions of the great cryptogram, which will impose on no mathematician, are thoroughly exposed in the number of Knowledge for August 1. A fair parody of it occurs in the Cornhill Magazine of the same date. CELER.

E. T. EVANS.

Perhaps it may interest H. M. L. to know that "the Great Duke" of Wellington at the Royal Academy dinner, 1852, spoke with pride of the military discipline shown on the occasion of the know where an account of the wreck is to be found. wreck of the Birkenhead. I, too, should be glad to

A. B.

Descriptive accounts of this wreck will be found in the Illustrated London News for April 10, 1852; All the Year Round, issued on July 19, 1873

being No. 242, New Series; also in Shipwrecks and Disasters at Sea,' by W. H. G. Kingston. EVERARD HOME COLEMAN.

71, Brecknock Road. [MR. J. R. GILLESPIE says, "There is a six-page account in Perils and Adventures of the Deep' (Nelson & Sons, 1863)."]

SNEAD (7th S. v. 347; vi. 14, 134).-In Sussex this is spelt sneath, and the two small handles, called by MR. STILLWELL "nibs," are dole haudes or dole woods. The Rev. W. D. Parish, in his 'Sussex Dialect,' spells it sneathe, Anglo-Saxon snæd, the long handle of a scythe. In an old work, 'Dictionarium Rusticum,' 1668, "Sneed, the handle of a sythe, or such like tool."

Eastbourne.

JAS. B. MORRIS.

ANYTHINGARIANS (7th S. vi. 66). This was evidently, I think, a word in common use at the date of the quotation given by MR. W. ROBERTS, for I have just come across an instance some months earlier in the New England Historic Genealogical Register (Boston), July, 1881, Letters of Hugh Hall to Benning Wentworth, Merchant in Boston,' dated London, July 16, 1717. The material features of the passage run thus: "I intended......to have descanted on ye Customs and Constitutions of ye Any-thingarians of this Age." I may perhaps mention that the correspondence of Hugh Hall is quite worth reading for the proverbial expressions which it supplies, as well as for its quaint language and lively pictures of the times. Indeed, some of the proverbs may be worth a place in 'N. & Q.'

NOMAD.

A godless acquaintance of mine, having to fill up a census paper eight years ago, entered himself under the head of religion as a Calathumpian, meaning “what you please." I have seen this word somewhere in print. Whence does it come and what does it mean? C. C. B.

THE EXPULSION OF THE JEWS BY EDWARD I. (7th S. v. 328, 492; vi. 57).—The following notes from 'The Annals of England,' collated with other chronological records, may possibly be of service in briefly summarizing facts respecting the Jews in this reign :

"1275. A parliament held at Westminster, near the end of April (another account says October 5), when several reformatory statutes are issued; especially one to restrain the usurious practices of the Jews." Matthew of Westminster says :"That they might be distinguished from the faithful the King ordered them to wear on their outer garments a sign like a tablet, of the length of a palm."

"1278. The Jews throughout England seized on one day (Nov. 12) being accused of clipping_coin; 280 are banged shortly after in London alone (? 1279) and'a very great multitude' in other places: a number of Christians, principally the rich citizens of London,' charged as their confederates, are allowed to ransom themselves."

The king even granted letters patent to his mother forbidding them to reside on any of her estates.

"1286, May 2. The Jews were all seized by order of the King, who extorted large sums of money from them to the amount of 12,000 pounds of silver." wives and children (another account says to the number of 15,000) and all their moveable property are ordered to leave England Aug. 31 [they had previously been banished from Gascony by the king]. The feast of All Saints (Nov. 1) was the period assigned, which they were not to exceed on pain of death."

"1290. The fierce multitude of Jews' with their

It appears the king granted passes to the number of 16,511, and strictly forbade any injury to be done to them.

"Some mariners who violated his commands by drowning a number of them at the mouth of the Thames were executed." R. W. HACKWOOD.

I think that, in reference to the reply by W. S. B. H., neither of us can have looked far enough on in Milman to do justice to him; for at a later page, 262, in a note, there is :"The Act for the Expulsion of the Jews has not come down to us; we know not, therefore, the reasons alleged for the measure. Of the fact there can be no doubt (see Report on the Dignity of a Peer,' p. 180), and there are many documents relating to the event, as writs to the authorities in Gloucester and York to grant them safe conduct to the port where they were to embark." Milman, therefore, corrects his interpretation in P. 259, if it is such, and not merely a reference to The Report' referred to was first printed 1820-5, "Jewish tradition," at the later page, 262, note g. and was reprinted by order of the House of Commons, May 19, 1826, in 4 vols. fol. See Lowndes,

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p. 1817.

ED. MARSHALL.

NEWSPAPERS (7th S. vi. 47, 112).—I do not think there is any bibliography, other than the press guides, extant. The introduction of the newspaper press into Scotland is an historic event which is worthy of being recorded and preserved. of Cromwell's regiments during the civil wars of The institution was effected by the officers of one the seventeenth century. The troops arrived at Leith in 1652 for the purpose of garrisoning the

citadel.

named Christopher Higgins, for what purpose is They were accompanied by a printer not definitely known, but it is supposed he was commissioned by the officers to reprint a London daily journal, called Mercurius Politicus, for the instruction and amusement of the garrison. The first number of this reprint was issued on October 26, 1653, and in November of the following year the publication was transferred to Edinburgh, where it was continued till April 11, 1660. I have not been able to ascertain any information regarding the movements of Higgins after this date.

On December 31, 1660, there appeared at Edinburgh the first number of the Mercurius Caledonius, comprising "the affairs in agitation in Scotland,

with a survey of foreign intelligence." It consisted of eight quarto pages, and the last number was dated "March 22 to March 28, 1661."

The vacancy caused by the cessation of the Mercurius Caledonius was filled by the Kingdom's Intelligencer.

In 1699 the Edinburgh Gazette was published by authority, and still exists. The first volume is in the British Museum.

In 1705 the Edinburgh Courant appeared, but ceased after an existence of five years. It reappeared, however, on December 12, 1718, under the title of the Edinburgh Evening Courant (published three times a week), and continued under that name till December 16, 1871, when it reverted to its original title, viz., the Edinburgh Courant. On February 8, 1886, it amalgamated with the Glasgow Daily News, and the combination is still published under the title of the Scottish News, a Glasgow Conservative daily.

The Caledonian Mercury made its appearance on April 28, 1720, and had a successful career of considerably over one hundred years.

In 1796 the Scottish Congregational Magazine was established, and this journal is still published under the name of the Scottish Congregationalist, having assumed this title in 1880.

From the information I have been able to collect these appear to have been the principal Edinburgh journals published prior to the nineteenth century. There was a variety of other prints issued, but most of them certainly did not merit the title of newspaper.

The following are the leading journals estab-
lished at Edinburgh during the present century:
Edinburgh Review. Liberal. 1802.
Edinburgh Medical Journal. 1805.
The Scotsman. Liberal. 1817.

the parliamentary Walter Strickland, who is in-
variably said to have been the immediate successor
of Luttrell, in reality followed Hanham, being
elected in response to a writ issued in 1645. Will
you allow me to point out a most satisfactory con-
firmation to these suggestions? In the appendix
subjoined to the admirable index just issued to
part i. of Parliamentary Returns, the two several
writs for Minehead are brought to light-the
first dated June 11, "vice Alexander Luttrell,
Gent., deceased "; the other, on October 30, 1645,
"vice Sir Francis Popham, Knt., deceased, and
Thomas Hanham, Esq. [disabled]." The returns to
these writs are not found, but there can be now no
question but that in response to the writ of 1642
Thomas Hanham was elected, and that he held
the seat, as before suggested, till he was included
among the batch of Royalists disabled" in
January, 1644.
W. D. PINK.

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The inference which I am inclined to draw from CHAISE-LONGUE: CHAISE-MARINE (7th S. vi. 7). the English form chaise lounge the Fr. chaiserather from the longue of chaise-longue than from longue is that our word lounge=couch is derived the verb to lounge, though this may very likely have helped to turn longue into lounge. If my inference is correct, chaise-lounge was probably lounge couch almost exactly corresponds in meanthe original form of lounge. It is certain that our ing to the Fr. chaise-longue, and may, at all events, be rendered by it.

As for chaise-marine, I find it in Littré (s.v. is not that of a kind of vehicle, but of a kind of "Chaise"), but the meaning which he gives to it chair or seat, designed so as to counteract the rolling and pitching of a vessel. As, however, chaise in French is also used, as in English, of a kind of

Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine. Conservative. 1817. vehicle, it is possible that the term may formerly

North British Advertiser.

North British Agriculturalist. 1843.

1826.

Journal of Jurisprudence. 1857.

The Daily Review. Liberal. 1861. Extinct.

Scottish Law Reporter. 1865.

The Scottish Reformer. Liberal. 1868. Extinct.
Scottish Guardian. 1870.

Edinburgh Evening News. 1873.
Educational News.

1876.

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That is to say, if chaise-longue and chaise-lounge came into use before lounge couch.

We have three words in English, sofa, couch, and lounge. Of these the first has three backs, one at each end and one on one side; the second two, one at the head and one on one side; the third one at the head only. These distinctions are still pretty accurately kept up in English, excepting that a medical couch has often one back only (at the head); and I am inclined to believe that they at one time existed also, to a certain extent, between the three corresponding words in French, viz., sofa, canapé, and chaise-longue. At any rate, Littré tells us that a sofa has three backs, and a chaise-longue one only (at one end); but he is not so explicit with regard to canapé, though from what he and Bescherelle say it may be inferred that a canapé was originally a end backs replaced by arms. At the present time sofa sofa, either without the two end backs or with the two seems to have almost entirely gone out of use in France, and to have been replaced by canapé. The consequence is that chaise-longue is now used not only of couches with one back only (at the head), but also of what we call back does not usually extend the whole length of the couches (with two backs), only that perhaps the side side.

have designated in France and in England (or in England only) a vehicle constructed on a principle similar to that of the ship chair, and intended to counteract the jolting and shaking on roads.

There is also the French word chasse-marée, used both of a boat and of a vehicle for the transport of fish. This could, of course, scarcely be corrupted into chaise-marine in English, but it may possibly have been confounded with it. F. CHANCE. Sydenham Hill.

P.S.-Since writing the above, I have found in Riddle and Arnold's Eng. -Lat. Lexicon' (1847) chaise-longue given as an English word, and loungechair.

In old French dictionaries chaise- marine is written both chaise-marine and chaise-de-marine. The term denoted a machine on board a vessel for holding an observer of the heavens, which machine, being supported on two axes, lessened the effect of the rolling of the boat, and thus rendered the task of observation less difficult. From this sense the word may have been applied to a land carriage, which may have been supported by an axis at each end or by a bar lengthwise, and thus have been able to sway from side to side, and afford thereby a pleasurable movement. JULIUS STEGGALL.

LOVE-LIES-BLEEDING (7th S. vi. 88).-It would not follow that Mrs. Hemans thought the flower was ever employed to plant graves with. Certainly love lies bleeding nowhere on earth so frequently as at the new-made grave. The plant is the Amaranthus caudatus. The crimson flower spike is like a dagger imbrued in blood, and fancy may do all the rest. The never-dying amaranth might well be used for graves, though then, as a symbol, it might lessen the term that love lay bleeding. Some have said that the English name arose out of the confusion of amar in the Latin name with amor. A pretty fancy, but of small likelihood. C. A. WARD.

Walthamstow,

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cumstances at Granada, near Lake Nicaragua, when Walker the Filibuster had control of that region. He tells me, "Walker was a slim man, not tall, perhaps five feet six, his slenderness made him appear taller than he really was; a wiry little fellow, with blue-grey eyes, light hair and moustache, plain in dress, and usually wearing no distinguishing mark of rank. He was a perfect devil; a nice-looking chap, though, and even effeminate in appearance. Joaquin Miller is near the truth in his description." JOHN E. NORCROSS. Brooklyn, U.S.

PARCHMENT WILLS (6th S. v. 110, 237, 378).— Under the first reference Mr. F. E. SAWYER asks why novelists almost invariably describe wills as being written on parchment, and goes on to say that he has never seen a will written on parchment, nor come across any one who has. My experience is the reverse; for, having lately searched several bundles of original wills at the District Registry Office, Northampton, principally of the first half of the seventeenth century, I have come across several on parchment, and the registrar showed me a whole bundle of Northampton wills on parchment of the same period. I did not see the originals of the sixteenth century, so cannot say if parchment was used during that period. Writing of wills, can any one tell me when the custom first arose of reading them after the funeral has taken place? A study of pre-Reformation wills, containing, as they usually do, minute directions as to place of interment, instructions for carrying out funeral obsequies, and particulars as to requiem masses, &c., leads one to the conclusion that early wills were opened and read prior to the interment of the testator. F. A. BLAYDES.

Bedford,

BISHOPS JACKSON AND LLOYD (7th S. vi. 8, 135). -While thanking those who have replied to my query and directed me to the information I wished for, let me assure THE WRITER OF 'Ox. Dioc. HIST.' that it was far from my intention to cast any slight upon his valuable and interesting work by applying the term "casual" to his notice of Bishop Lloyd. It is a very full account for a book of limited size, and I must own that the charge of CC scant justice" is true, and I tender him an apology. At the same time, being nearly connected with one of the promoters of the Oxford movement, and possessing a number of letters relating to it, my eagerness to glean all particulars I can may perhaps be excused; it was in the sense Tví, and not arλws, that I somewhat hastily used the expression.

It may be "a mistake," technically speaking, to call Lloyd the tutor of Keble and Newman, but I think MR. E. H. MARSHALL might have given an Oxford man credit for knowing that they "were not Christ Church men," and that a college tutor is

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Hornsea Vicarage, E. Yorks. There is an interesting account of William Jackson, Bishop of Oxford (1811-1815), in the "Manchester School Register, vol. i. p. 98, at which school he received a portion of his early education before going to Westminster. He seems to have owed his elevation to the Bench entirely to the influence of his brother, Cyril Jackson, Dean of Christ Church, who also received a portion of his early education at Manchester, and of whom there is a memoir at p. 98 of the same work. Bishop Jackson is buried at Cuddesdon, and his epitaph is thus recorded :—

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In 'Alumni Westmonasterienses' (1852) may also

be found some little account of him.

JOHN PICKFORD, M.A. Newbourne Rectory, Woodbridge.

If I am not mistaken, Cardinal Newman, in his 'Apologia,' mentions Dr. C. Lloyd's lectures at Oxford as having first drawn the attention of himself and his contemporaries to the treasures that lay hid in the liturgical and other offices of the E. WALFORD, M.A.

Catholic Church.

7, Hyde Park Mansions, N.W.

A very interesting notice of Bishop Jackson is contained in the Manchester School Register,' vol. i. pp. 98, 99, from the pen of the Rev. J. Finch Smith, who edited the 'Register' for the Chetham Society in 1866. Also in 'Public Characters of 1805,' in the account of his brother Cyril, Dean of Christ Church, it is stated of him that, like the dean, he was one of the most accomplished botanists of the day (p. 274). W. E. BUCkley.

MEANING OF NORE (7th S. vi. 44, 89).-In spite of the high authority of the REV. ISAAC TAYLOR, I venture to say that there is no evidence of " a mute k" having dropped out in the Nore near Knockholt, in the parish of Brasted, Kent, and this I can prove by citing other instances of the same name. As to Knockholt, I do not believe that in this purely Saxon district we have any

Keltic place-names (except in the names of rivers), and it would be very unusual to find a Keltic prefix with a Saxon suffix like holt. Is it not probable that the earliest and correct form of the word is Ockholt? Hussey ('Notes on Churches of Kent, Sussex, and Surrey,' p. 119) cites a chronicle of Stephen de Birchington, which relates how one Ralph Scott, in the reign of Henry III., settled at "Ocolte." In the tax roll for Rokesley Hundred, 30 Edward I., Thomas atte Halle is taxed at "Ocolte." Nicholas, rector of Orpington, by will dated August 1, 1370, left a vestment to the chapel of "Ocholte," and Philpott (Villare Cantianum,' pp. 251-2) speaks of Shelley's court at "Ockholt." Of the word Nore the following are other instances I have met with. One is in the parish of Titsey on the high ground. "Johes Lovestede tenet ad firmam medietatem 'de la Nowre' per redditum 6s. 8d." (Court Roll of Titsey Manor, 15 Richard II.). In Hedley parish, Surrey, is a wood called "La Ore," or "Nore," and another called "The Lord's Nore" (see Manning and Bray, History of Surrey,' vol. ii. p. 637). In Bramley, Surrey, is a farm with a high hill on it called "The Nore." Of it the late Mr. Godwin Austen, in a paper on 'Surrey Etymologies' ('Surrey Arch. Coll.,' vol. v. p. 7), says, "Nore or Nower, a projecting headland generally." It is not certain what the derivation of the word is, but there is a general likeness in the character of the hill to which the name is given, viz., a bluff headland, or steep escarpment, standing out prominently. The local pronunciation is now'r, and it is always prefixed by the definite article "the," or, in the old Court Rolls, "la," as in the instance given above. G. L. G.

The word nore is certainly sometimes used to indicate a promontory, as in Rock-a-nore, the name of the point east of the fishing_town of Hastings, Sussex. E. T. EVANS.

CANON TAYLOR seems to overlook the fact that

so early as the time of the Conqueror the Nore of the Medway is "the New Weir."

W. J. LOFTIE.

DANBY HARCOURT (7th S. i. 160, 458).—Miss DANBY is referred to the Western Antiquary, vol. iv. pp. 103-4, 128, for full and original information re Gaters and Mrs. Danby Harcourt, not to be found elsewhere.

WM. H. KEllard.

LARBOARD (7th S. vi. 82).—DR. CHANCE is not quite correct when he says (p. 83 note) that I give to the Dutch laag, low, the meaning of left also. What I really say is that laager-hand is used to signify the left hand, from laager, lower, as nooger-hand the right hand, from noog, high. My authorities are the Dutch and French dictionaries of Halma and P. Marin, the latter of

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