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"THE DERBYSHIRE HUDIBRAS."-I should be very grateful for any information regarding George Eyre, the Derbyshire Hudibras, beyond the short notice in the Appendix to Glover's Derbyshire.' When and why did Eyre first get this sobriquet; and who gave it him? ALSAGER VIAN.

JEWS IN IRELAND.-In Shirley's letters of the reign of Henry III. (ii. 519) it is stated that Peter de Rivallio was charged with the custody "Judaismi nostri Hiberniæ," and that all the Jews of Ireland were to be amenable to his jurisdiction. I have devoted a large amount of attention to the early history of the Jews, but cannot find the slightest reference to Irish Jews. I shall be thankful for any details respecting them.

M. D. DAVIS.

Replies.

HUNTING HORNS.

(6th S. x. 383, 504; xi. 113; xii. 72, 230, 496; 7th S. vi. 151.)

The Ripon horn has, I think, nothing to do with hunting. Thomas Gent, in his 'History of Rippon,' 1733, tells us as follows:

"It was indeed the Custom of the Vigillarius, or Wakeman, to order, That a Horn should be blown every Night, at Nine of the Clock: And if any House, or Shop, was broke open and robb'd, after that Blowing of the Horn, 'till the Rising of the Sun; why then, the Loss was obliged to be made good to the suffering Inhabitant. For this Obligation, or Insurance, every Housholder used to pay Four Pence a Year; but if there was a Backdoor to another Street, from whence double Danger might be suppos'd, then it was to be Eight Pence. That still they persevere to blow the Horn, at the said Hour Tax [a kind of Police-rate] is since discontinu'd: But of the Night; three Times at the Mayor's Door, and thrice at the Market-Cross."

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In Charleton's 'Newcastle Town,' p. 161, the RELIGIOUS ANOINTING.-What was the primi-"White Hart Inn" is mentioned as being the tive idea underlying the practice, common to so fashionable tavern of the town, temp. 1751:— many religions, of anointing sacred things and persons with oil, ghee, chrism, or other unctuous matter? A. SMYTHE PALMER.

Woodford.

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"The gentlemen of the Newcastle Hunt, on the first day of the season, met at Debord's with great parade, and with French horns, and much music and smacking of whips."

In all likelihood this would continue until the end of the last or into the early part of the present century. In one of the illustrations to Somerville's Chase' there is the bell of a French horn seen below the right arm, at the back of the huntsman; and in the museum at Kelso there are two, measuring 16 in. in diameter outside, 14 inside, and 9 in. across the bell. There is no information as to where they came from. However, Bewick, who was so accurate an observer of everything connected with rural life, would hardly have introduced anything not in actual use.

in.

As to when straight horns were substituted for curly ones, is it not probable that both were used? In a copy of an old view of Alnwick Castle, probably the early part of the last century, there is a fox-hunt going on in the foreground, the fox

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From the mention of prints of the old-fashioned French hunting-horn, it would almost seem that the recent, if not present, use of the thing itself is forgotten by the writer. When I abode at St. Germain en Laye, in 1857-8, these horns were always worn by the chasseurs, and, I think, the piqueurs of the Emperor's most picturesque, if cockneyish, hunt. I once saw the "breaking up" of the stag-an extraordinary scene. Four chasseurs stood in front of the hounds and blew a long primæval-sounding blast, called "la note de Dagobert," if I remember rightly. At a particular turn of the blast the hounds rushed forward to devour their perquisite. H. J. MOULE.

Dorchester.

LEATHER COINS (7th S. vi. 64).-There is a characteristic passage in Jean Paul on this subject. It occurs in the 'Flower, Fruit, and Thorn Pieces,' and is thus translated by Noel (Tauchnitz edition, vol. i. p. 258):—

"To lend anything to a man of a delicate sense of honour, a courtier for instance, is always more or less offensive to his feelings; wherefore the man of delicate sensibility seeks to pardon the insult by dismissing the whole affair from his memory......Rude young squires, on the contrary, and officers on the march, really pay outright, and, as in Algiers, where every one possesses the right of coining, they stamp their own species of money for paying their debts. In Malta a leathern coin of the value of eightpence is current, on which is stamped this motto, non os sed fides.' With a similar Muscovy leather coin, though not round, but drawn out in length, like the money of Sparta, and therefore more usually occurring under the name of horse-whips and dog-whips, the landed proprietors and village nobility pay their coachmen, Jews, carpenters, and all their other creditors until they are satisfied."

C. C. B.

In 'Manx Currency,' by C. Clay, M.D., vol. xvii. of the publications of the Manx Society, pp. 23-26, is some account of leather coinage. Dr. Clay quotes from 'Maundeville's Voiage' (London, 1737), p. 287, "This Emperour (of Tartary) makethe no money but of lether emprented, or of papyre." He also refers to Archeologia, vol. xiii. pp. 187, 188; N. & Q.,' 2nd S. vi. 460; and to a subsequent note signed ACHE (who quotes Camden's Britain,' 1629, p. 165); Norfolk Archæology,' 1849, vol. ii. p. 305; but the quotations are too long to give. Dr. Clay's conclusion is "that leather money was frequently resorted to in England."

ERNEST B. SAVAGE, F.S.A.

St. Thomas, Douglas, Isle of Man, Leather is not the only non-metallic material for money, as appears from what follows:

"At Alexandria was invented the most elegant and durable representative of value ever devised, the glass money issued by the Fatimite Sultans, dating from the tenth century. It consists of thick disks of green glass, bearing a legend in letters raised in characters of red enamel."-King's 'Natural History of Precious Stones,' p. 362. H. J. MOULE. Dorchester.

Prof. Church, in his 'Carthage; or, the Empire of Africa,' says :—

"While we are writing of trade we must not omit to mention a curious statement about what has been called the leather money' of Carthage. The work from which it comes bears the name of Eschines, a disciple of Socrates. It is certainly not of his time, but it is probably ancient. The Carthaginians,' says this author, whoever he may have been, make use of the following kind of money in a small piece of leather a substance is wrapped of the size of a piece of four drachmæ (about 3s.); but what this substance is no one knows except the maker. After this it is sealed and issued for circulation; and he who possesses the most of this is regarded as having the most money, and as being the wealthiest man. But if any one among us had ever so much, he would be no richer than if he possessed a quantity of pebbles. This unknown substance was probably an alloy of metal, of which the ingredients were a State secret; and the seal was a State mark. We have, in fact, here a kind of clumsy bank-note.” JOHN CHURCHILL SIKES.

50, Agate Road, The Grove, Hammersmith, W. We find in St. Jerome ('Opera,' viii. 426, ed. Vallarsey) that Numa congiarium dedit asses ligneos et scorteos.” P. J. F. GANTILLON.

CASTOR GO-CART (7th S. iv. 507; v. 54, 294, 493; vi. 93).-The go-cart is among my earliest recollections. The one in my mother's nursery was a hollow truncated cone of basketwork, which was made to run upon castors. The little prisoner who was popped into it, or rather over whom it was popped, and whose unaided limbs were too weak to support his body, was upheld by the upper circle of the cone being put under his armpits, while his feet just touched the floor. The go-cart was thus a kind of self-acting crutch. The greater width of the lower circle always kept the centre of gravity safely within the base, and it acted at the same time as a fender. Both upsets and harmful collisions were thus guarded against. Go-carts, I believe, were doomed by the doctors, who objected to children being prematurely forced into the second stage of human life described in the riddle of the Sphinx. They may be right, but I am sure none of us ever got any harm from their use. In the 'Euvres Complètes de Michel-Ange,' published by Didot, Paris, 1863, there is a plate (No. 78) in which the artist has depicted himself in a go-cart, in the second childhood of extreme old age. R. M. SPENCE, M.A. Manse of Arbuthnott N.B.

R. R. may be glad to know that go-carts appear to be coming into vogue again. I saw one recently exposed for sale in a shop at Colwyn Bay, and the children of the house in which I was lodging had another similar one. These were much smaller and more elegant than the one I used to know as a child some forty years ago, since which time I do not remember to have seen anything of the kind. C. C. B.

word for an enclosed lane or place in country or city. LOKE (7th S. vi. 128).—This is a common Norfolk See Marshall's 'Rural Economy of Norfolk,' 2 vols. 8vo. 1787, where, in its place in the glossary (vol. ii. pp. 373-392), is "Loke, sb., a close narrow lane"; and see Spurden's vol. iii. of Forby's "The Vocabulary of East Anglia,' Norwich, 1858, "Loke, S., a cul-de-sac, generally a private green road leading to fielden." The word is, it seems, pronounced with a long o, riming to stroke, but it is simply lock, R. R. describes with great accuracy a child's a locked or enclosed place, from the old verb lucan, go-cart, observing that fifty or sixty years ago he to lock, and closely connected with the later verb often used to see it, but it appears to be quite loken, to lock. Compare Cadmon, ii. 302, p. 176, unknown to the present generation." It may in Bouterwek, "lucan mid listum locen waldendes"; possibly interest R. R., or others who are curious" to lock with deceits the loke (enclosure) of the in noting the change of manners and customs, to Almighty," i. e, heaven. One might, I suppose, know that such machines as he describes with compare Beowulf's bán-lócan, the bone-case, or perfect accuracy may be seen at the present day- flesh or body, with a slightly varied sense. and any day-in any village street or country O. W. TANCOCK. town in Italy-perhaps hardly now in the larger cities. T. A. T.

Budleigh Salterton.

In continuation of the remarks upon castors, we used and always spoke of a cruet stand on small "the castors" when I was young. rollers as We also have a mahogany cheese waggon, divided down the middle, and with brass castors, which could be pushed about the table or floor. I have seen these in use in Wiltshire farmhouses and inns quite recently, also a smaller undivided one for bread. They were frequently used at the market dinners in the hotels, as being easily passed round for the guests to help themselves. A. L. CLARK, Bedford Park.

ROYAL ARMS IN CHURCHES (7th S. vi. 89).— This was the subject of a query by E. M. in 1st S. V. 559, which was followed by replies in vi. 62, 88, 108, 178, 227, 517; ix. 327. The same query was asked by M. D. in 4th S. xii. 287. In reply, p. 354, E. H. DUNKIN sent a copy of a licence of Abp. Abbot, then first appearing in print, enjoining that, inter alia, churches ought to be adorned and beautified especially with his Majesty's arms, Oct. 24, 1631. At p. 437 there was a reply from myself, giving most of the available information other than in the previous replies, and showing from Burnet's Hist. of the Reform,' that the earliest known instance of the setting up of the royal arms (not such as occur in glass, noticed by MR. ELLACOMBE at vi. 62 supr.) was in February, 1547, the month after the death of Henry VIII.

There is, I think, no absolute authority to be brought for them; but the parish register of Warrington, July 30, 1660, mentions an injunction of the "Great Counsell of England" for their being set up in all churches, of which I have never seen the verification (see p. 437). ED. MARSHALL.

[Other correspondents write to the same effect.]

Norwich.

Forby has "Loke, s., a short narrow turn-again lane. A.-S. loc, clausula (a closing up)." The word is in every-day use in Norfolk. My house is bounded on the north by a lokeway leading HIC ET UBIQUE. The following is from Nall's 'Dialect of East Anglia,' under the above word :—

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RELIGIOUS ANECDOTES (7th S. vi. 87).—In 1850

there was published by Ward & Co., Paternoster Row, an octavo volume entitled the 'Cyclopædia of Moral and Religious Anecdotes: a Collection of nearly_Three Thousand Facts, Incidents, Narratives, Examples, and Testimonies,' &c., by the Rev. K. Arvine, A.M., of New York; the English edition being edited by the Rev. John Flesher, of stinence" and ends with some of "Zeal in doing London. The book begins with anecdotes of "Abgood."

Liverpool.

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J. F. MANSERGH.

"CHANTE PLEURES (7th S. vi. 127).—When DR. MURRAY is at a loss, there is small encouragement for "fools" to "rush in." He, of course, knows how Cotgrave translates the word; "a garden Pot, or Gardners watering Pot," &c. The difficulty is that, in nearly all the senses given by

Cotgrave, the articles named would be made of metal, as of "Lattin" (=latten, or brass), &c. Littré, however, gives two or three senses, in which, I think, the instrument might be made of wood: first, a long funnel, pierced with holes, for use in pouring a liquid into a barrel without undue speed or disturbance; second, a tap for a barrel; and third, a kind of barrel. Then, as I conjecture, Woodden Gods wooden goods. Will this do? JULIAN MARSHALL.

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This word is to be found in any good French dictionary, and has the following meanings: a watering-pot, a sort of funnel, and a gully-hole. In Cotgrave's French-English Dictionary,' published 1650, it is given as follows:

"Chantepleure, F., a garden Pot, or Gardners watering Pot; also, the Cocke of a cesterne; also, a certaine de vice, or engine, for the emptying of a water-vessell; made of two Lattin pipes (of equall bignesse and length), joyned together at the one end and thence dividing themselves into the forme of a forke."

In Richelet's 'Dictionary' I find :—

"On apelle aussi Chante-pleure, une espèce de Barbacanne, ou ventouse qu'on fait aux murs de clôture, construits près de quelque eau courante afin que pendant son débordement elle puisse entrer dans le clos, et en sortir librement, parceque ces murs étant solides, ils ne lui pourroient pas résister:

Depuis deux jours on m'entretient
Pour sçavoir d'où vient chante-pleure,
Au chagrin que j'en ai, je meure:
Si je savais d'où ce mot vient,
Je l'y renverois tout à l'heure.

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ENGRAVINGS BY KIP (7th S. vi. 147).-These excellent prints belong to the 'Britannia Illustrata,' 1707-8, or to the 'Nouveau Théâtre de la Grande Bretagne,' v.y., down to 1724-8, by I. Kip (see Lowndes for collation, &c.). The volumes are often found composed of different contents, says Lowndes. The prints are of great value and interest, since they give us views of many beautiful old houses which have ceased either to exist or to be recognizable. JULIAN MARSHALL.

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The engravings are doubtless from Kip's 'Views in England,' 1724-8, vol. v. The Supplement comprised the Country Seats of the English Nobility," eighty-four plates. A great number of them relate to seats in Kent; and, as the rest are mostly well-known places, there can be little difficulty in ascertaining the county to which they belong. G. L. G.

If MR. MORRIS refers to Quaritch's August Catalogue, No. 91, he will find a collection of the plates of these Dutch artists for sale, entitled, "Kip's Nouveau Théâtre de la Grande Bretagne, 5 vols., fol., Lond., 1724-28." The price asked is H. T. FOLKARD, Librarian.

501.

Free Library, Wigan,

VIRGIL AND MODERN ICONOCLASM (7th S. v. 400; vi. 22).-Allow me to endorse most cordially the protest of MR. BOUCHIER against the asser tion of the Edinburgh Review that Virgil has fallen from his pedestal, and that his worship is a bygone cult. No doubt he is unknown and unintelligible to what Tennyson calls deservedly a "chorus of ignorant reviewers," simply because of their ignorance; and I am sure that it is only when all good taste and sound scholarship are dead amongst us that Virgil will be forgotten.

E. WALFORD, M.A.

7, Hyde Park Mansions, N.W.

In the admirable "apology " by MR. BOUCHIER on this subject in 'N. & Q.' the single reference to Cowley appears to me hardly sufficient. Cowley speaks of Virgil and of the 'Eneid,' in his essay Of Agriculture,' in terms of loving admiration-in a way, one would think, that would leave depreciation impossible. He speaks of "our truly divine Virgil," of his "great and imperial poem," and declares Horace, in another passage, "the next best poet in the world to Virgil." But surely it is vain to talk of Virgil's cultus as bygone. W. B.

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'OUR MUTUAL FRIEND' (7th S. v. 206, 298, 517). I fail to see the appositeness of the quotation from Ned Ward. The "mutual," though unnecessary, is not contrary to sense, as in the case of our mutual friend." For I see no reason to suppose that the "friends" are intended to be described as "mutual friends" of the house mentioned in the next line. They are only "mutual friends" (of one another). As the discussion seems getting a little off the track, will it be deemed superfluous or impertinent to state a case? Love between husband and wife may be all on one side, then it is not mutual. It may be felt on both sides, then it is mutual. They are mutual friends, and something better; but if a third person step in, though loyal regard may make him a friend of both, no power in language can make him their mutual friend. KILLIGREW.

The passage from Ned Ward's' Wandering Spy' is an instance of the right use of the word mutual, and not of its incorrect modern use. In this last there is nothing mutual, for it describes the relation of one person to two others who may have nothing else in common beyond that relation; but Ned Ward describes the relation which two persons mutually bear each to the other.

Aldenham House.

HENRY H. GIBBS.

ST. SOPHIA (7th S. iv. 328, 371, 436; v. 35, 51, 290, 334, 351, 491; vi. 75).-With regard to the accounts of what the Sultan Abdul Aziz said (p. 75) they differ. MR. CROSSMAN does not say that either Gordon or himself heard what the Sultan said. It is extremely unlikely that any

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The tradition of the interrupted mass, communicated at the last of these references, is related by Mr. Athelstan Riley, in 'Athos; or, the Mountain of the Monks,' p. 25, and accompanied by a note, which, to my thinking, is a desirable addendum to what is being preserved on the subject in the columns of 'N. & Q.':—

"During the restoration of the church in 1847-49 by Monsieur Fossati, an Italian, called in by the Sultan Abdul-Medjid to save St. Sophia from the ruin which threatened it through long neglect, that architect had the curiosity to open a wall at the spot Turkish and Greek traditions alike declare the priest to have entered. He found a little chapel in the thickness of the wall with a descending stair encumbered with rubbish."

Mr. Riley is of opinion that if the celebrant should return to complete the holy office "the nineteenth or twentieth century will persuade itself that he is but an optical delusion: it will take something more than the reappearance of an old priest to shake the world out of its material conceits."

ST. SWITHIN.

ROWLANDSON (7th S. v. 487; vi. 10, 93).-I sincerely hope your correspondent MR. J. B. MORRIS will kindly give us the benefit of his knowledge to which he refers in N. & Q.' This being a subject of which very little appears to be known, his information may be of great use to the future historian of dress. H. BEAZANT.

DYMPNA (7th S. v. 408, 491; vi. 33). The unique and ancient institution of "boarded out" insane people at Gheel and its patron St. Dymphna was first brought to English notice by Mrs. Pitt Byrne in Flemish Interiors.' She subsequently published an exhaustive description and history under the title of 'Gheel; or, the City of the Simple,' a companion volume to her 'Beghynhof; or, the City of the Single.' All three works are out of print, but can be consulted at the British Museum or principal lending libraries.

R. H. BUSK.

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OVID'S 'FASTI' (7th S. v. 507).—I believe H. T. Riley's translation of Ovid's 'Fasti,' published by Bell & Son, is the best. J. Gower published a version at Cambridge in 1640, and there is a prose rendering by Butt, published at Dublin about fifty ASTARTE. years ago.

"THE MEDUSA' (7th S. v. 487).-The first number of the Medusa; or, Penny Politician appeared Let's die on February 20, 1819. Its motto was like men, and not be sold like slaves," and its politics were of an advanced type. In the number for January 7, 1820, it is stated that in consequence of the new Stamp Duty Act the price of the paper would have to be raised to sixpence, and that on January 15 the first number of the new series would appear as The Cap of Liberty and Medusa. G. F. R. B.

IMPOSSIBLE (7th S. v. 466).-The REV. ED. MARSHALL'S note recalls the story of Mirabeau, which Carlyle quotes from Dumont :

"Monsieur le Comte,' said his secretary to him once, 'what you require is impossible.' Impossible!' answered he, starting from his chair, 'Ne me dites jamais ce bête de mot,' Never name to me that blockhead of a word." "The French Revolution,' vol. i. p. 336.

C. C. B.

VERNON (7th S. v, 487; vi. 14, 71).-If Vernon is rightly assigned to a Brytho-Celtic origin, it has its equivalent in Goidhelo-Celtic. The surname Farnie, Farnachan, Fernie, may be traced to the Goidhelic fearn, fearnóg in Erse and Gaelic, fernóg in Old Erse (Irish Glosses,' 558). Alders supplied many ancient place-names in Celtic districts, e. g., in Scotland, Balfern, Carsphairn, DrumfarHERBERT MAXWELL. nachan, Calharnie, &c.

Add Pen-gwern, the native Welsh form that preceded Scrobbesburig, now Shrewsbury, for the capital of Shropshire, where gwern is the alder bush or "shrub." Subsequently we have l=r, as Salop, Srop, Srewsbury, locally sounded s, not sh. A. HALL.

PORTMANTEAU WORD (7th S. vi. 147).-Alas for the fate which overtakes even the best writings of men! A few years ago, when Lewis Carroll's delicious nonsense was in everybody's mouth, this question would not have been asked. See 'Through the Looking-Glass,' p. 126: "Slithy means lithe and slimy-you see it 's like a portmanteau, there are two meanings packed up into one word "; and for an explanation, too long to copy, of the theory of these words see 'The Hunting of the Snark,' preface, p. x. C. F. S. WARREN, M.A.

Foleshill Hall, Coventry.

[Many contributors are thanked for replies to the same effect.]

JEWISH NAMES (7th S. v. 509).—Quite eighty per cent. of personal names ending in ard, art,

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