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B.C. A U.C.

146608 Carthage destroyed by P. Scipio Africanus II., who died BC 129, æt. 50), and Corinth by L. Mummius.

135019 The history of the Apocrypha ends. i

The Servile War of three years begins in Sicily.

XXXIX. TIBERIUS GRACCHUS

133 621 is put to death for attempting to introduce an Agrarian law.

Numantia is destroyed by Scipio.

The ingdom of Pergamus is annexed to the Roman
empire.

123 631 Carthage is rebuilt, by order of the Roman senate, under the superintendence of

121 633 killed, æt. 23.

119 635

XL. CAIUS GRACCHUS,

XXII. CAIUS MARIUS,

as tribune, imprisons the consul Metellus for opposing
law which he wished to carry.

111645 The Jugurthine War of five years begins.

109 615 The incursions of the Teutones and Cimbri, which last eight years, begin

106 648 MARIUS receives Jugurtha from king Bocchus.

102 652 101 653

defeat the Teutones and Ambiones in two battles at Aquæ Sextiæ, hod. Aix in Provence.

with Catulus, defeats the Cimbri, when endeavouring to enter Italy through Noricum, hod. the Tirol, In this half century Satyrus, Accius, Panelius, Nicander, Ctesibius, L. Caius Antipater the Roman historian, Lucilius, and Apollodorus flourish.

91663 The Social or Marsic War of three years begins, and is terminated by SYLLA.

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The Mithridatic war of 26 years begins.

88666 The Civil War between the parties of MARIUS and SYLLA beg ns, and lasts till the defeat of Carbo and young Marius at Præneste B. C. 82.

S56S MARIUS dies, æt. 70.

84670

82074

79075

XXIV. SYLLA,

who had previously been sent into Cappadocia, takes
Athens, and cuts to pieces the army of Archelaus.
Makes peace with Mithridates.

Is created dictator, and continues for three years.
Resigns his office, and dies the following year, æt. 60.
XXIX. L. SERTORIUS

revolts in Spain, and is assassinated B. C. 73.

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B.C. A.U.C.

74 680

XXVI. LUCULLUS

renews the war against Mithridates, who had occupied Bithynia, and made a league with SERTORIUS.

73581 The Servile War begins under Spartacus, who dies B.C. 71. 69085 LUCULLUS defeats Mithridates and Tigranes in Armenia, and takes Tigranocerta.

XXXII. POMPEY

67 687 begins and completes the Piratical War, æt. 40. 66088-Succeeds LUCULUS, and conquers Armenia, Syria, &c, which latter kingdom he reduces the following year

to a Roman province, putting an end to the reign of the Seleucidæ.

L. Cæc. Metellus, after a war of two years, subdues Crete. 60694 POMPEY unites in the I. triumvirate with CESAR and CRASSUS, engages in the Civil War with the former, B. C. 50; is besieged by him in Brundusiom, and B. C. 48, loses the battle of Pharsalia, and dies.

XLII. M. T. CICERO,

who had pleaded (for P. Quinctius, æt. 26.) B. C. 81, and eleven years afterward delivered the first two orations against Verres, is elected consul, and opposes Rullus' Agrarian law, detects the conspiracy of Ca tiline, &c.

64690 Octavius, afterward surnamed Augustus, is born. 59095 CICERO subunits to a voluntary exile, whence he returns triumphantly the following year, and dies B. C. 44

æt. 64.

XXXIV. C. JUL. CESAR

58696 begins to attack the Helvetii.

55699-Crosses the Rhine, defeats the Germans, and first passes into Britain, enters Rome, B. C. 49, two years afterward retakes Alexandria, B. C. 45, defeats the Pompeians at Munda in Spain, and is assassinated the following year.

53701

XXVIII. MARCUS CRASSUS,

falls, with his whole army, in an expedition against the Parthians.

In this half-century Apellicon, L. Val. Antias the Roman historian, Hortensius, Posidonius, M. Ter. Varro, Lucretius, Catullus, and Sallust flourish.

* The II, between Augustus, Antony, and Lepidus, is formed B. C. 43.

1

B.C. A.U.C.

1

XXXVI. CATO of Utica

46708 after the defeat of Juba, kills himself, æt. 49.

XLVI. MARCUS BRUTUS,

42702 and Cassius, fall by their own hands at Philippi.

XLIV. M. ANTONY

34 720 takes Artabazus, Ring of Armenia, prisoner.

32722

31 723

30724

A.D.

68

69

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After a long misunderstanding with Octavius, openly prepares for war.

-Loses the battle of Actium.

Kills himself. Egypt is reduced to a Roman province.
XLIX. GALBA

is declared emperor, reigns seven months, and is suc
ceeded by

L. OTHO,

who after a reign of three months, being defeated by Vitellius, kills himself.

THE

LIFE

OF

THESEUS'.

SUMMARY.

Distinction of the fabulous and the historic ages. Points of resem
blance between Theseus and Romulus. Extraction and birth of
Theseus. His education, and journey to Delphi. His mother
reveals to him the secret of his parentage. He emulates the ex-
ploits of Hercules: and kills Periphetes, and Sinnis; the wild
sow of Crommyon; Sciron, and other public robbers.
He ar-
rives at Athens; defeats the Pallantide; engages and subdues
the Marathonian bull. The Cretan tribute. He offers himself as
one of the victims; embarks; and with the assistance of Ariadne
destroys the Minotaur. Different traditions about Ariadne's
death. Upon his return, Theseus lands at Delos: origin of the
dance of the Crane. He arrives at Athens: death of his father
Egeus. He incorporates the boroughs of Attica into one city;
institution of the Panathenaa. He divides the Athenians into
classes: establishes the Isthmian games : sails to the Euxine ; and
has a son (Hippolytus) by Antiope, the Amazon. The Amazonian
He marries Phædra. Various opinions about the number
of his achievements. His friendship with Pirithöus. The battle
of the Centaurs and the Lapitha. He carries off Helen, and is
imprisoned in Epirus. Intrigues of Menestheus against him.
Castor and Pollux invade Athens, to recover their sister. Origin

war.

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of the Academy. They are admitted into the city, by the advice of Menestheus. Theseus, on his return, finds Athens in a state of revolt: retires to Scyros; and is treacherously destroyed by Lycomedes. His bones long afterward brought to Athens. Sacrifices instituted to his honour.

2

As geographers crowd into the extremities of

their maps those countries that are unknown to them, remarking at the same time that all beyond is hills of sand and haunts of wild beasts, or inaccessible marshes, Scythian snows, and frozen oceans; so, my Senecio3, in comparing the lives of illustrious men, when I have passed through those periods of time which may be described with probability, and where history finds firm footing in facts, I may pronounce of the remoter ages, that all beyond is full of prodigy and fiction, the regions of poets and fabulists, wrapt in clouds and unworthy of belief. Yet, since I had given an

1

With regard to the time, in which Theseus flourished, chronologists differ. The Oxford Marbles (xx.) fix the incorporation of the Attic boroughs, the establishment of the Athenian commonwealth, and the institution of the Isthmian games, to B. C. 1259: And Dufresnoy allows him a subsequent authority of thirty years. Blair refers these events to B. C. 1234, seventeen years after his Cretan expedition.*

2 The term historians' is adopted in the original, with reference not only to the use of geography in history, but to the character of the old geographers; who, beside the sites and distances of places, gave an account of the manners, customs, government, &c. of the inhabitants: as Strabo, Pausanias, &c. *

3 Sossius Senecio, a man of consular dignity, who flourished under Nerva and Trajan; to whom Plutarch has inscribed many of his moral treatises, and Pliny addressed some of his Epistles: not the Senecio, put to death by Domitian for having written the life of Helvidius Priscus (Tac. Agric. 2, 45.)

* The wild fictions of the fabulous ages may partly be ac counted for from the genius of the writers, who (as Plutarch observes) were chiefly poets; and partly from an affectation of

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