"the Works of A. H" is comprized an Edition of the Fedlist in which the names of the writers are erroneously prefixed to a number of the papers. These errors are corrected in this edition by Jacob Gideon jr w assigns to the several authors of the papers their respective shares in them. J: M. MONTPELIER July 28, 1818 į CONTENTS. NO. 1. INTRODUCTION. HAMILTON. Utility of the Union-Inefficiency of confederation-Capacity of people for self-government-Opposition of state officials to new constitution--Honest differences of opinion-Political intolerance-Charges and counter-charges-Publius a supporter of the proposed constitution—Outline of the Federalist—Ñational sentiment for Union, NO. 2 THE VALUE OF UNION. I JAY. Necessity of government-Theory of separate confederaciesGeographical and racial homogeneity of the United StatesInefficiency of the articles of confederation-The federal convention-Consideration of the constitution-The Congress of 1774— Universal belief in the necessity of Union-Project of separate confederacies, . NO. 3. 7 JAY. ADVANTAGES AND NECESSITY IN RELATION Safety of public opinion-Public safety a common end-Causes of war-Treaties and commerce as causes-Efficient national government will secure services of ablest men-A supreme government necessary in construing treaties-Union a check on injustice in the states-A national government less likely to afford just causes of war-Indian wars caused by the states-Neighboring countries and consequent border wars—Advantage of national government in negotiating with foreign powers-Greater weight of the Union likely to secure better terms, NO. 4. 12 JAY. RELATIONS WITH FOREIGN POWERS. Motives of war-Rivalry with France and Britain in fisheries -Commercial rivalry with Europe-China and India tradeRivalry with European colonies-Exclusion from Mississippi and St. Lawrence-Jealousy of Europe-Inducements to war-A single government necessary for safety-Advantages of national government-Militia and navy of Great Britain-America divided into independent governments-Attitude of foreign governments, li 17 NO. 5. JAY. PROJECT OF SEPARATE CONFEDERACIES IN Queen Anne's letter on union of England and ScotlandExample of Great Britain--Division of the United States-Results of separate confederacies-Inevitable jealousy-The Northern Hive"-Similar confederacies-Folly of mere alliances and treaties-Certainty of appeals to Europe, NO. 6. 22 HAMILTON. SEPARATE CONFEDERACIES SURE TO END IN DISSENSION BETWEEN STATES. Certainty of interstate contests-Causes of hostility among nations-Wars produced by personal influence-Alleged pacific genius of republics-Republics as much addicted to war as monarchies-Examples of Sparta, Athens, Rome, Carthage, Venice, Holland, and Britain-As many popular as royal wars-Wars between France and England-No reason to expect cordiality between the states if separated-Vicinage constitutes nations natural enemies, NO. 7. . 27 HAMILTON. CAUSES FOR DISSENSIONS BETWEEN STATES IF SEPARATED. Territorial disputes-Public territory-Wyoming controversy -Vermont dispute-Competitions of commerce-Discriminating commercial regulations-The New York imposts-The national debt-Difficulties of apportioning debt-Laws in violation of private contracts-Example of Rhode Island-Domestic and foreign alliances-Certainty of European entanglements, . 33 NO. 8. HAMILTON. CONSEQUENCES OF HOSTILITIES BETWEEN STATES. War between the states particularly distressing-Lack of standing armies and fortified posts-Necessary introduction of standing armies-Competition between the states in armamentsExample of Greek republics-National danger unduly magnifies military power at expense of citizens-Example and peculiar felicity of Great Britain-Similarity of the United StatesNeedlessness of extensive military establishments, NO. 9. 4I HAMILTON. THE UNION A SAFEGUARD AGAINST DOMES TIC DISTURBANCES. Example of Greek and Italian republics-Arguments against republican government and civil liberty-Improvements in the art of government-Advantages of extended territory-Opinion EDITOR'S TABLE OF CONTENTS. liii of Montesquieu-Necessity for subdivision implied in Montesquieu's view-Federalization an expedient for the extension of government-Quotation from Montesquieu-Inaccurate distinction between confederation and consolidation-Definition of a confederate republic-Federal character of proposed constitution-Lycian confederacy, NO. 10.) . 47 MADISON. THE UNION A CHECK ON FACTION. Tendency of popular governments to faction-Complaints of injustice and instability in state governments-Definition of faction-Remedy of faction-Curtailment of liberty-Causes of faction innate in man-Opposing interests-Legislation by majority akin to interested judgments-Class legislation-Control of faction-Majority invasion of rights-A pure democracy unable to control faction-A remedy in representative governmentDifference between a democracy and a republic-Advantages of a delegated chosen body-Superiority of large over small republics-Greater proportion of fit characters-Advantage of greater number of electors--Necessity of acquaintance with local circumstances-Happy combination of national and local governments in the United States-Greater territory and population permitted by republican than by democratic government-Faction essentially local-Advantage of Union over States as to local prejudices and schemes of injustices-The Union a remedy for diseases most incident to republics, NO. 11. 54 HAMILTON. UTILITY OF UNION AS REGARDS COMMERCE AND A NAVY. Adventurous commercial character of America-Commercial jealousy of Europe-A national commercial policy necessary to counteract European restrictions-Discrimination against Great Britain-Establishment of a federal navy-The United States likely to become the arbiter of Europe in America-Disunion certain to make our commerce a prey-Separation will enable maritime nations to prescribe the conditions of our political existence-National commercial rights which will be lost by a dissolution of the confederacy-The fisheries--A navy a great national object-Share of the south, middle, and New England states in a navy--Unrestrained intercourse between the statesUnlikelihood of free interstate commerce without unity-Ascendency in American affairs-European domination of the worldBuffon's and Raynal's theory of degeneracy in America, NO. 12. 64 HAMILTON. UTILITY OF UNION AS REGARDS REVENUE. Commerce the great source of national wealth-Commerce essential to agriculture-Taxes must be proportioned to the quantity of money-Small revenues of German empire-Poverty of state treasuries-Taxation in Great Britain-Duties the main dependence in America—Unpopularity of excise and direct taxes -Duties best levied by general government-State imposts will result in smuggling-Revenue patrols of France-Unlikelihood of smuggling under national government-Disadvantage of Britain as regards smuggling-State imposts-French and English duties-Revenue from ardent spirits-National existence impossible without revenue-Necessity for imposts-Unpopularity of excises and direct taxation-Without an impost, taxes will chiefly fall on land, NO. 13. 72 HAMILTON. ADVANTAGES OF UNION FROM THE STAND- Smaller expense of civil list-Civil lists of separate confederacies-Example of Great Britain-Probable lines of division of proposed confederacies-A northern and a southern league -Position of Pennsylvania-Greater economy of one confederacy, NO. 14. 79 MADISON. OBJECTIONS TO THE EXTENT OF TERRITORY. An imaginary difficulty-Confusion of a republic with a democracy-Error of celebrated authors-Slight value of example of early republics-Early republics only democracies-Mechanical power of representation-Natural limit of a democracy-Experience in representation under the confederacy-Dimensions of the United States-Size of European countries-Limited jurisdiction of general government-Value of subordinate governments in relation to size of territory-Eventual growth of Union -Internal improvements facilitated-The more distant the state the greater the need of national government-Warning against those who favor disunion, NO. 15. 81 HAMILTON. DEFECTS OF THE PRESENT CONFEDERATION GOVERNMENTS. The insufficiency of the confederation a self-evident truthSketch of existing national humiliation-Contradictory conduct of opposers of the constitution-Necessity of a government that shall act on individuals-A government acting on the state governments nothing but an alliance-Epidemic rage in Europe for leagues-A league versus a confederate government in America-Distinction between a government acting on a state and one acting on individuals-Common interest ineffectual to obtain obedience to the Union-Origin of government-Centrifugal tendency of all confederacies-National laws will not be enforced by state governments-Various action of the thirteen states-Impotence of the Congress-Example of the various states, 87 |