alent intention to do more than secure their liberties, and rights by constitutional enactments, but when fairly entered into the contest of throwing off the unlawful tyranny of George III. and his advisers, there was no retreat until they had secured their independence, and established a free republic."

Political parties, however, did not become well defined until after the Constitution of the United States went into successful operation.

XX. THE FIRST ELECTION.-On the 13th day of September, 1788, the second Continental Congress appointed the first Wednesday in January, 1789, as the day for choosing electors of President in the several States, and the first Wednesday of February of the same year, as the time when the electors should meet in their respective State Capitols to cast their ballots for that officer, and the first Wednesday of March thereafter, as the day for the inauguration of the President, and the organization of government under the new Constitution.

It followed as a foregone conclusion, that no other candıdate could be thought of for the highest office in the gift of a grateful country, than Washington, and a unanimous electoral vote confirmed and sealed the popular will.

1789. John Adams, Massachusetts.

SECRETARIES OF STATE.

1789. Thomas Jefferson, Virginia.
1794. Edmund Randolph, Virginia.
1795. Timothy Pickering, Massachusetts.

SECRETARIES OF THE TREASURY.

1789. Alexander Hamilton, New York. 1795. Oliver Wolcott, Connecticut.

SECRETARIES OF WAR. (Navy included) 1789. Henry Knox, Massachusetts. 1794. Timothy Pickering, Massachusetts. 1796. James McHenry, Maryland.

POSTMASTERS GENERAL.

1789. Samuel Osgood, Massachusetts. 1794. Timothy Pickering, Massachusetts. 1795. Joseph Habersham, Georgia.

ATTORNEYS GENERAL.

1789. Edmund Randolph, Virginia. 1794. William Bradford, Pennsylvania.

1795. Charles Lee, Virginia.

*The Vice President is not a member of the Cabinet, and the Postmaster General did not become one until the admintration of Jackson.

II. CHIEF JUSTICES OF THE SUPREME COURT.

1789. Sept. 26th, John Jay, New York.

1795. Dec. 10th, John Rutledge, South Carolina.

(Appointed during recess and presided one term, but

when Congress convened it refused to confirm his ap

pointment.)

1796. Jan. 27th, William Cushing, Massachusetts. (Declined the appointment.)

1796, March 4th, Oliver Ellsworth, Connecticut.

III. SENATORS ELECTED PRESIDENTS PRO
TEMPORE OF THE SENATE.

1789. April, John Langdon, New Hampshire.
1792. April, Richard Henry Lee, Virginia.
1792. May, John Langdon, New Hampshire.
1793. March, John Langdon, New Hampshire
1794. May, Ralph Izard, South Carolina.
1795. February, Henry Tazewell, Virginia.
1796. May, Samuel Livermore, New Hampshire.
1797. February, William Bingham, Pennsylvania.

IV. SPEAKERS OF HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. I. Congress, 1789, F. A. Muhlenberg, Pennsylvania. II. 66 1791, Jonathan Trumbull, Connecticut. 1793, F. A. Muhlenberg, Pennsylvania. 1795, Jonathan Dayton, New Jersey.

\III.

IV.

V. FIRST CHAPLAINS OF CONGRESS.

Chaplain of the Senate, 1789, Rt. Rev. Bishop Samuel Provost. (Episcopalian.)

Chaplain of the House, 1789, Rev. William Lynn, (Presbyterian.)

VI. THE FIRST ELECTION.

Electors were appointed, as directed by the Constitution, but on account of the delay in the formation of Congress, their ballots were not counted until the 6th day of April, 1789. By the arrival of Richard Henry Lee, the Senate was able, on that day, to constitute its first quorum John Lang

don was elected President of the Senate for "the sole purpose of opening and counting the votes for President of the United States." In the presence of both branches of Congress (the first quorum of the House having been formed on April 1st) Mr. Langdon declared the vote to be: For George Washington, Esq., 69, (unanimous); John Adams, 34; Samuel Huntington, Ct., 2; John Jay, N. Y., 9; John Hancock, Mass., 4; R. H. Harrison, Md., 6; George Clinton, N. Y., 3; John Rutledge, S. C., 6; John Milton, Ga., 2; James Armstrong, Ga., 1; Edward Telfair, Ga., 1; and Benj. Lincoln, Mass., 1.

Eleven States voted. North Carolina and Rhode Island had not as yet ratified the Constitution. At this time there was no separation in choice between President and Vice President. The candidate receiving the greatest number of votes was elected President, in case such number was a majority of the whole number of electors appointed; and then, after the President had been elected, the person having the next greatest number of votes (a majority not necessary) was chosen Vice President. In case two or three had an equal number of votes, it then became the duty of the Senate to choose the Vice President, from such candidates, by ballot.

VII. THE SECOND ELECTION.

Electoral vote:-For George Washington, 132, (unanimous); John Adams, 77; George Clinton, N. Y., 50; Thomas Jefferson, Va., 4, and Aaron Burr, N. Y., 1. Fifteen States voted.

VIII. POPULATION AND REPRESENTATION. 1790. Whites 3,172,466, free colored 59,466, and slaves 697,897. Total 3,929,827. The ratio of representation was fixed by Congress for 1790-1800 at 33,000, making the number of members 106.

IX. HISTORICAL RECORD.

1789.

April 30. Washington inaugurated President at New York City. After he had taken the oath on the balcony of Federal Hall, Nassau street corner of Wall, Chancellor Livingston, who administered it, exclaimed, "Long live George Washington, President of the United States." The people in the streets sent back the echo, "Long live George Washington." The ringing of bells and the firing of artillery attested the joy, and the salutations proper to this happy and interesting day in the history of the Great Republic.

After this ceremony, the President delivered a brief inaugural address in the Senate Chamber, which was received with profound attention, and proved itself a document worthy of the man, the hour and the place. The members of Congress, in conformity with their resolution, then adjourned to