Growth of national feeling, 15. Common cause against foreign-
ers. Alliance of lords and citizens. King's furrender to Pope
(1213). Freedom's debt to John, 16. Confederacy against
King. Character of Langton. His fervices to English freedom.
First day at Runnymede (Tuesday 16th of June, 1215), 17.
Faith in Langton. Fourth day: CHARTER figned. Its general
character. Confirmation of exifting liberties. Principles latent
in it, 18. Remedial provifions. Guarantees of franchises. Re-
drefs of perfonal wrongs, 19. Central courts of law. Levies of
aid limited. Conftitution of Great Council. Forms of fum-
mons thereto hateful to fucceeding princes, 20.
Minor pro-
vifions. Securities for liberty and property. Juftice not to be
denied or fold. "Nullus liber homo," 21. All freemen to be
tried by their peers, 21, 22. Extenfion of relief to fub-vassals.
Effect of Charter in later times. Its power of expanfion, 22.
Substance shaping Forms. Violations and reaffertions of Char-
HENRY III (1216), 23. EARLIEST COUNCIL NAMED AS
A PARLIAMENT. Supply conditional on redrefs. Control of
money by Parliament. Appeal of Henry III to People. Similar
appeal from Barons, 24. Jealoufy of French favourites. Struggle
for
power transformed to war of principles. Rife of merchants
and tradefmen. Guilds and Charters, 25. Privileges and rights
ceded to middle class. King's fummons for parliament not
obeyed (1233). Political ballads. Attack upon the Favourite,
26. General difcontent. Grievances reported and Redress de-
manded (February, 1234). Parliament affembled and Favourite
difmiffed (April, 1234). Minifterial responsibility and Parlia-
mentary control, 27. Diftrefs, Redrefs, and Supply. Securities
for public faith. Law fyftematifed (Bracton, 1250). Curia
Regis, 28. Cabinet of the King. A memorable assembly (2nd
of May, 1258). The Great Council under Normans: not a
Houfe of Lords: not hereditary, but representative, 29. Germs
therein of larger fyftem. Break-up of elements of Council.
Diftinctions and grades of rank. Varieties in writs of summons,
30. Peculiarities of feudal representation. Aid for Protection.
Leffer tenants reprefented by larger, 31. Tranfition from feudal
to real rights, 31, 32. Language of writs of fummons. Fictions
foreshadowing truths. Forms conveying Substance, 32. Com-
miffions of inquiry in fhires. Old inftitution adapted to new
ufes (1223). County representation begins. Collection of taxes
(in 1207 and 1220), 33. Beginning of the end. Vague for-
mation of authority of Commons. Gradual steps thereto (1214).
Scheme to obtain money from fhires (1254), 34. Knights to
anfwer for their counties. Reprefentatives to impofe taxes. One
chamber at Westminster: feparate fittings elsewhere, 35. Ad-
miffion of third estate, 35, 36. Knights fit with Lords. Lords
pay, fitting in their own right. Knights are paid, fitting for
others. County rates, 36. Wages of knights levied on entire
county. Election by full County Court. All freeholders com-