treatment in England, hastened to form a settlement in America. An Assembly was held at Salem and 1681. adopted a body of laws, entitled "Fundamental Constitutions." East Jersey was purchased, and fresh cargoes of Quakers came to Quakerland. The Covenanters,* fleeing from cruel persecution in Scotland, also sought here toleration and quiet, and swelled the number of the inhabitants.

85. A more hopeful enterprise attracted the regards of the Quaker chiefs. The Jerseys were surrendered to the Crown, and were placed under the control of the Governor of New York. After forty years of union they were again separated from it, and formed into the Royal Province of New Jersey, which grew and throve in unbroken peace, for there were no Indian dangers to be encountered.

SETTLEMENT OF PENNSYLVANIA.-1682. 86. Penn desired a wider range for his "holy experiment" than the Jerseys afforded. George Fox, the founder of the sect, had visited America, which promised such a retreat for his followers as he was solicitous of obtaining. Penn, his disciple, sought to give full effect to this desire. He procured from Charles II. a grant of the country west of the DelaThe grant was soon made to include "The Territories," now forming the State of Delaware. The new domain was called Sylvania (woodland), which the king changed to Pennsylvania (Penn's woodland).

ware.

87. A large body of emigrants was sent out. Settlement was invited by offering ten acres of land for a dollar. Penn visited the country himself, and instituted a government.

*The Covenanters were enthusiastic Scotch Presbyterians, who resisted the attempt of Charles II. to suppress their form of religion. They met for worship in the woods and fields and in remote places. They were hunted by Highlanders and dragoons, and were mercilessly cut down. Their cruel treatment and stubborn resistance furnish the subject of one of Sir Walter Scott's best novels.

THE SETTLEMENT OF PENNSYLVANIA.

67

He was welcomed by the Swedes on Delaware Bay, by the dwellers in the Jerseys, and by the settlers on his recent grant. He made a treaty of friendship with the Indians under an elm tree, which was venerated till it was blown down at the beginning of the present century.* He did not seize lands, but paid for them, though the payment was trifling. The savages assured the "Quaker King" that they would "live in love with. William Penn and his children as long as the moon and sun should shine." The promise was, in the main, kept with entire fidelity. On this visit Penn laid out the city of Philadelphia (Brotherly Love), between the Schuylkill and the Delaware rivers. He remained two years in America, and left a population of 7,000 people in the new domain when he returned to England.

88. "The Territories," or "Three Lower Counties," were lost to Pennsylvania. They were claimed by both Penn and Lord

Baltimore. The English Committee of Trade and Plantations declared that they were not included in the grant of Maryland. A separate government was conferred upon them. A dispute arose also in regard to the southern boundary of Pennsylvania. It was settled long afterwards

WILLIAM PENN.

* The Wampum Belt which was delivered by the Lenni-Lenape to Penn, as the titledeed for the lands granted at "The Great Treaty" of Shackamaxon, is in the possession of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, to which it was presented, in 1857, by Mr. Granville Jones Penn, a descendant of the original proprietor.

by two surveyors, Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon. The boundary determined by them is familiarly known as Mason and Dixon's Line, and has been of grave political importance.*

89. Penn returned to America after an absence of fifteen years. He allowed Delaware (the Lower Counties) to have an Assembly of its own. He was recalled to England by a design entertained for the abolition of all proprietary governments. He died in the Fleet prison, overwhelmed with debt incurred on account of his colony.† An attack of paralysis had prevented his selling it to the Crown. It thus descended to his heirs. Their ownership lasted till the Revolution.‡

NORTH AND SOUTH CAROLINA.—1629–1763.

90. The desire of the English for American possessions was inflamed by the successful establishment of the colonies of Virginia and New Plymouth. A vast territory on the southern border of Virginia was granted to Sir Robert Heath, but the civil war occurred in England before any settlement was made. At the Restoration, Charles II. 1663. regranted the country to Lord Chancellor Hyde (Earl of Clarendon), Sir William Berkeley, Governor of Virginia, and other favorites. Two years afterwards the limits of the grant were extended on the west to the Pacific.

* Mason and Dixon were English surveyors, and performed the work in 1763. They ran the line from the north-east corner of Maryland 244 miles to the west. They were then interrupted by Indians. The 34 miles remaining were completed in 1782 by Colonel Alexander McLean, of Pennsylvania, and Joseph Neville, of Virginia.

+ William Penn (1644-1718) was the son of Sir William Penn, an admiral under the Commonwealth and under Charles II. He attached himself to the Quakers while a student at Oxford, and was expelled for non-conformity when only sixteen years of age. He entered on the study of law, but was driven from London by the plague. He was for some time an itinerant preacher. On the death of his father he inherited a large estate. The rest of his life and his entire fortune were devoted to colonization in America.

The State of Pennsylvania voted Penn's heirs a compensation of $650,000, and the British Government gave them a pension of $20,000 a year.

NORTH AND SOUTH CAROLINA.

69

91. The new colony was called Carolina, after Charles, the king. Its northern frontier was within the boundaries assigned to Virginia. It had been explored at an early date under the authority of the Government at Jamestown. Some settlements were made in what was designated Southern Virginia: by Virginians on Albemarle Sound, and by Puritans from New England on the Cape Fear River. Under the new charter, William Drummond, a Scotchman, soon after prominent in Bacon's rebellion, was appointed by Sir William Berkeley Governor of the Albemarle settlements. He gave them a simple constitution, and called an assembly at Edentown. The New England colony on the Cape Fear was soon abandoned by most of its members. Other immigrants came from New England and the Bermudas, and settled in the Albemarle neighborhood. Eight hundred from Barbadoes found abodes on the Cape Fear.

92. Lord Clarendon and his partners were statesmen as well as courtiers. They hoped to avoid the losses and failures which had attended previous colonial adventures. They set the keen and scheming Earl of Shaftesbury to the task of preparing a plan of government. He employed in the work his friend and guest, the celebrated philosopher, John Locke. 66 A Grand Model" was produced, which was alto1670. gether unsuited for the woods and swamps, and for a scant, poor, and scattered people. There were to be three ranks of nobles: landgraves with 48,000 acres of land; caciques (ka-seeks') with 24,000, and barons with 12,000. All power was placed in their hands, subject to the control of the eight proprietors. The Church of England was declared to be the State religion, contrary to the advice of Locke. The cumbrous plan was never put into full operation. It was renounced after twenty-two years of failure.*

93. William Sayle appeared in Ashley River as Gov

* A small volume of 75 leaves, bound in vellum, contains this "first set," and is in the handwriting of Locke, and full of corrections and notes by him.-Report on the Shaftsbury Papers, by the Keeper of the Records.

ernor under "The Grand Model," and brought with him three ships. Provisional governments were allowed to the Albemarle and Clarendon settlements, on Albemarle Sound and Cape Fear. Their remoteness precluded any close connection with the more southern plantation. Thus the two States of North and South Carolina came to be formed ultimately out of the Clarendon grant.

94. Disputes, disturbances, and insurrections harassed the northern colony for many years. The southern or Carteret colony was soon in a flourishing condition. Violent divisions occurred there on the meeting of the first Legislature. People of diverse race and creed, and habits and fortune, could not dwell in harmony under the restraints of the proprietary rule. Dutch from the Low Countries and from New York, and Huguenots expelled from France settled on the Ashley, the Santee, and the Edisto. Scotch came to Port Royal Island, and dissenters from Somersetshire were established in their neighborhood by Humphrey Blake, the brother and heir of the great admiral of the Commonwealth. In subsequent years came Moravians, and Swiss, and Irish, and Germans from the Rhine. The swamps along the Ashley were turned to good account in the raising of cattle. On the point of land between this river and the Cooper was founded the city of Charleston, so named after Charles II. of

1680.

England.

95. The Carolinas prospered in spite of constant discords. They were harassed by Indian and Spanish assaults, for Spain claimed the southern districts as part of Florida. Smugglers and pirates were harbored at Charleston, which grew rich by the illicit trade with them. In the beginning of the eighteenth century, twelve hundred men, partly Indians, marched against St. Augustine, and took it from the Spaniards. In return, Charleston was threatened by a fleet of French and Spanish vessels. They were driven off.

96. Greater dangers were experienced from the In