succeeded by new hazards. Berkeley had returned to Jamestown. Bacon invested the place, repelled a vigorous assault, captured the town and burnt it.* Berkeley escaped down the river, having been driven off by the cannon which were brought to bear upon his flotilla.

62. This success produced no enduring result. Troops arrived from England to sustain the royal Government. † The rebellion was soon ended by the death of Bacon, who contracted a fatal disease by exposure in the swamps. A few of his followers escaped. Twenty-three were executed. Berkeley's severity rendered him odious to the people whom he had governed for a whole generation. He went to England to give an explanation of the late unfortunate events. He did not survive his return. The king would not receive him. "The old fool!" said Charles, "he has taken away more lives in that naked country than I for the murder of my father." Berkeley's harsh suppression of this provincial rebellion, and his rejoicing at the absence of schools and printing-presses, have prevented his obtaining due credit for the prosperity of Virginia under his twenty-eight years' rule.

63. This rebellion deprived Virginia of the liberal charter intended for it. Lord Colepepper became Governor as well as proprietor. He was greedy and exacting. He was removed from the Government, and surrendered most of his other privileges to the king. Virginia became once more a royal province. It could turn out 15,000 men for military service; but heavy taxes and the low price of tobacco kept it complaining of poverty.

64. After the cruel suppression of Monmouth's re

* On his rapid and unexpected approach, he gathered from the neighborhood the ladies of the families of the officials and prominent men within the town Releasing one, to communicate the intelligence, he intrenched and fortified himself during the moonlit night. The besieged were afraid to fire, lest they might injure the ladies in the opposing camp. Next morning, an unsuccessful assault was made by Berkeley. + In a small fleet under Sir John Berry.

This anecdote is doubtful. Berkeley's treatment has been otherwise represented. This rebellion cost the colony $500,000.

BACON'S REBELLION.

57

bellion in England,* many political convicts were transported to Virginia, and were sold to the planters. They brought from fifty to seventy dollars a head. When Louis XIV. renewed

the persecution of the Huguenots, or French Protestants, a number of them came over. They were a valuable addition to the population.

65. Francis Nicholson, the first Governor under William III., took active measures to establish the college which had been so long contemplated. Funds were subscribed by the king, the queen, the bishops, and many other persons of distinction. Thus, the College of William and Mary was founded. It was the second college established 1693. in the English colonies in America. Nicholson removed the seat of government from Jamestown to Williamsburgh, which he laid out in the shape of the letter W, in honor of King William. Sixty years later, the best public buildings in the English provinces were found there.

66. Virginia continued to increase in prosperity under the governors and deputy-governors sent out from England. None of them deserved higher regard than Alexander Spotswood, who had fought with distinction at Blenheim. He carried into effect the project of Sir William Berkeley, crossed the Blue Ridge, and descended into the rich and beautiful Valley of Virginia. To commemorate the expedition,

1714. he gave to each of his companions a golden horse

shoe, and instituted "the Tramontane Order, or Knights of the Golden Horseshoe."§ At Germanna, on the Rappahannock, he set up the first furnace for smelting iron that was

* The Duke of Monmouth, one of the sons of Charles II., excited a rebellion against James II. He was defeated, captured, and executed in July, 1685.

+ The Huguenots were driven out of France by the revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685. This revocation repealed Henry IV.'s decree for the protection of the Protestants.

Blenheim was the scene of the Duke of Marlborough's first great victory. It was gained in 1704, over the French and Bavarians,

§ Some of these badges are still preserved,

established in America.*

Trade was rendered more secure by the defeat and death of the pirate Theach, or Blackbeard, after a desperate fight in Pamlico Sound. On the outbreak of the Spanish war, Spotswood left his retreat at Germanna, to take command of the colonial troops, but died at

1739. Annapolis before sailing. The Virginia forces employed against Carthagena were commanded by Gooch, the new Governor. He held the Government twenty-two years, and returned to England soon after the close of the great war of the Austrian Succession.t

THE NEW ENGLAND COLONIES AFTER

THE RESTORATION.

67. The union of the colonies of New England gave them security and strength. Their spirit of independence was displayed by their opposition to the commissioners of Charles II., and by their welcome of Whalley, Goffe, and Dixwell, the regicides. These fugitives first came to Boston; but went to New Haven as a safer refuge. They were often in great danger. On one occasion they escaped by hiding under a bridge, while their pursuers crossed it above their heads. At last they concealed themselves at Hadley. The village was surrounded by Indians in King Philip's War. A venerable stranger placed himself at the head of the alarmed inhabitants, and led them to victory. He vanished after the battle. This was supposed to have been Goffe. The most dreadful of Indian wars had broken out; but New England numbered 60,000 people, and the Indians were at no time numerous.

* The progress of Virginia in industry and commerce is manifested by the exportation in 1730 of 40 tons of iron, 3,000 pounds of copper ore, 300 pounds of raw silk, 300 pounds of hemp, and 150 quintals of beeswax. A quintal is a weight of 112 lbs., or 100 lbs., according to the scale employed.

+ The war of the Austrian Succession was the war against Maria Theresa of Austria, begun by Frederick II. of Prussia. It lasted from 1740 to 1748.

The regicides were the members of the extraordinary Court of Justice which had tried and condemned Charles I.

KING PHILIP'S WAR.

59

KING PHILIP'S WAR-1675.

68. Massasoit had through life faithfully observed his treaty with the Plymouth Pilgrims. His younger son, Philip of Pokanoket, or Mount Hope, succeeded him, and was the chief of seven hundred Wampanoags. He was accused of plotting the destruction of the whites. The informer was murdered. Three of Philip's tribe were seized, tried, and hanged by the Plymouth people. Philip attacked the settlements, and there was war. The forces of Plymouth, joined by those of Massachusetts, finding Mount Hope abandoned, advanced through the country of the Narragansetts, to the swamp of Pocasset, whither the Wampanoags were said to have retreated. Philip broke through the lines around him, and drew other tribes into the war. Several towns were burnt; more were attacked. Hadley was saved in the manner already described. During two seasons the borders were devastated with all the horrors of savage warfare. Cruelty and daring were vain against superior numbers, superior arms, superior resources, and superior intelligence. Philip

KING PHILIP.

to Philip. A thousand men marched through storm and snow,

and surprised his camp in Rhode Island. It was taken after a stubborn defence. A thousand Indians were slain, six hundred wigwams were burnt, and many savages were roasted in the flames. In the spring Canonchet was captured and was put to death. The Wampanoags and the Narragansetts-the friends of the early colonists-were heard of no more. Thirteen towns had been destroyed, and six hundred lives lost, on the side of the New Englanders.

1684.

70. Difficulties occurred between Massachusetts and the English Crown. Charles II. declared the charter of the colony void. James II. assailed the privileges of Rhode Island and Connecticut. The charters were 1692. resumed on the revolution in England, and the Governor, Andros, was seized, and sent home for trial. King William did not permit Massachusetts to return to its old system. A new charter, forbidding religious tests for political purposes, and reserving a veto on the provincial legislation, was bestowed upon that colony. Plymouth and Maine were annexed to it. These changes were distasteful. One still more odious was the appointment of the Governor and the higher officials by the king.

KING WILLIAM'S WAR.-1689-1697.

71. Hostilities between England and France in Europe produced war in New England. It began with an attack on Dover. Schenectady, in New York, was surprised in the night by French and Indians. The inhabitants were slaughtered and the town burnt. The whole northern frontier was in danger. Delegates from the provinces met at New York to devise means of protection. An expedition against Montreal failed. Sir William Phipps made an attack by sea upon Port Royal, took it, and plundered other places in Acadia. He sailed from Boston against Quebec, but achieved nothing. These expeditions drained Massachusetts of money, and left the troops clamorous for their pay. Bills of credit* were is* Government promises to pay the sums of money specified on the bills.