SUMMARY FOR REVIEW.

SUMMARY OF TOPICS.-PART IV.

THE REPUBLIC ESTABLISHED.

195

Washington's Administration. I. Washington's task; his Cabinet. 2. Raising a revenue. 3. Hamilton's policy. 4. A National Bank; a mint. 5. Anti-slavery petition; slavery south of the Ohio. 6. Washington City. 7. War with the Indians. 7. Federalists and Anti-Federalists; their leaders. 9. Genest and French interference. 10. The whiskey insurrection. II. Disputes with Britain; the Jay treaty. 12. Treaty with Algiers; with Spain. 13. Washington's retirement. 14. His successor; Washington's death; progress of the country. Administration of John Adams. 15. Antagonism of President and Vice-President. 16. Troubles with France. 17. War with France. 18. Alien and sedition laws; Kentucky and Virginia resolutions. 19. Washington the seat of Government. 20. Third presidential election ; amend

ment to the Constitution.

Jefferson's Administration. 21. Aspect of affairs; Jefferson's manners. 22. Purchase of Louisiana. 23. War with Barbary States; Decatur ; Eaton. 24. Aaron Burr; death of Hamilton; Burr's schemes. 25. Lewis and Clarke's expedition. 26. Controversy with Britain; orders in council and imperial decrees. 27. Chesapeake and Leopard. 28. Embargo. 29. Jefferson's retirement. 30. Progress made.

Madison's Administration. 31. Dangers in prospect. 32. President and Little Belt. 33. War with Tecumseh; Tippecanoe.

War of 1812. 34. British reparation; war declared. 35. Canada attacked. 36. Hull's failure; surrender of Detroit. 37. Battle of Queens town massacre at Fort Dearborn. 38. Constitution and Guerriere; Macedonian and Java. 39. Madison reëlected.

"

Second Campaign. 40. Plan of campaign. 41. Massacre of the River Raisin. 42. The Maumee; Toronto. 43. Perry on Lake Erie; battle of the Thames. 44. Battle of Chrysler's Field. 45. Chesapeake and Shannon; Lawrence's last order. 46. Attack on Norfolk. 47. Creek War; mediation of Russia.

Third Campaign. 48. Relation of the belligerents. 49. The Creeks. 50. Fort Mimms; Tallasehatche; Talladega; Autosse; Eccanachaca. 51. Battle of the Horseshoe; Weathersford's surrender. 52. Battle of Lundy's Lane. 53. Battles of Plattsburg. 54. Capture of Washington; Alexandria; Baltimore. 55. Pensacola taken; New Orleans threatened. 56. Battles of New Orleans. 57. The Essex; its capture. 58. Hartford Convention. 59. Treaty of Ghent. 60. War with Barbary. 61. Return of peace; tariff question. 62. National Bank; Liberia; Louisiana and Indiana admitted.

Monroe's Administration. 63. The era of good feeling. 64. Internal improvements; national road; Erie Canal; abrogation of taxes. 65. Suppression of pirates. 66. Jackson's invasion of Florida.

67. Florida

acquired. 68. The Missouri compromise. 69. Four States admitted. 70. The Savannah crosses the Atlantic.

MONROE'S ADMINISTRATION.

197

PART V.

PROGRESS OF THE REPUBLIC.

FROM THE MISSOURI COMPROMISE TO THE WAR OF
SECESSION.

1821-1861.

MONROE'S SECOND ADMINISTRATION.—1821-1825. 1. Mr. Monroe's second term as President was a time of tranquillity and of general prosperity. The American republics which had revolted from Spain were recognized by the United States as independent governments. This occa sioned the assertion of what has been called "The Monroe Doctrine," * denouncing any further European ac1823. quisition of territory in America, or any European interference in American affairs. With the position thus assumed by the United States was closely connected the attitude of the Federal Government towards the proposed Panama Congress.t

1825.

OTHER NOTABLE EVENTS.

2. The settlement of the Pacific coast near the mouth of the Columbia River was urged by General Floyd, a member of Congress from Virginia. He gave the country the name of Oregon. An agreement made with Great Britain and Russia threw it open to settlement, though the last disputes in

"The Monroe Doctrine" was announced in the President's annual message of 2d December, 1823. It was suggested by Canning, the British Secretary for Foreign Affairs, and much enlarged by John Quincy Adams, who wrote that part of the message.

+"The Panama Congress" was an intended meeting of plenipotentiaries from the revolted Spanish republics. An invitation to send representatives was accepted by the President. The Congress never assembled.

regard to its ownership were not closed till forty years later. A convention was made with Great Britain for the suppression of the African slave trade. Forty millions of the public debt were paid off during Monroe's administration. In his 1824. last year of office, Lafayette revisited the country, as its honored guest, and was received everywhere with enthusiasm. 3. At the next election, which was decided by Congress, John Quincy Adams, of Massachusetts, was chosen President. John C. Calhoun* was Vice-President. Henry Clay, of Kentucky, one of the candidates for the Presidency, was appointed Secretary of State.

ADMINISTRATION OF JOHN QUINCY ADAMS.*1825-1829.

4. A serious controversy between the State of

JOHN QUINCY ADAMS.

Georgia and the Central
Government early engaged

the attention of Mr. Adams.
It grew out of the measures
taken by Georgia to extend
its authority over the lands of
the Cherokees.

5. During Adams's administration two former Presidents-his father, John Adams, and Thomas Jefferson-died on the fiftieth anniversary of the Declaration of Indepen

* John Caldwell Calhoun (1782-1850) was born in South Carolina. His parents had moved from South-western Virginia. He was Vice-President in 1825, and again in 1829. He resigned his office, and was elected United States Senator, in 1831. He advocated extreme State Rights doctrines (Calhoun doctrine), and was the leader of nullification in 1832. He was also regarded as the author of secession.

+ Henry Clay (1777-1852) was a poor boy, born in Virginia. He settled at Lexington, Kentucky, in 1797. He was the strenuous advocate of a protective tariff, and of what was termed "the American System," favoring home productions.

ANDREW JACKSON'S ADMINISTRATION.

199

dence. Another President, Mr. Monroe, expired five years later, on the same day of the same month.

6. Bitter opposition was provoked throughout the Southern States by an increase of duties on such imported articles as came into competition with home manufactures. South Carolina and Georgia denounced the Tariff Act as "unconstitutional, as well as unjust and oppressive, and consequently not obligatory on the States, if they thought proper to resist it." The feeling excited by this act threatened, a few years later, to divide the Union.

7. Mr. Adams was not elected President a second time. He was succeeded by General Jackson, who received more than two-thirds of the electoral votes.

THE ADMINISTRATION OF ANDREW JACKSON.1829-1837.

8. Few of the Presidents since Washington produced such an enduring impression on the public mind as Andrew Jackson. He had

already attracted notice by his conduct in the Creek War, and in the war with Great Britain. Indian wars were renewed under his administration. The Sacs and Foxes refused to surrender their hunting grounds. Black Hawk, the chief of the Sacs, was defeated, and

his followers were

1832. 2 Aug.

transplanted to the

further side of the Mississippi.

ANDREW JACKSON.

The Cherokees were an offence to the people of Georgia,