with a magnifying glafs, which discharged water on puncturing: but in the dropfy of the ovarium large cysts are formed, containing often very large quantities of water. This laft difeafe ufually happens (as Mr. Proffer confeffes that his authorities inform him) at the decline of life; the Bronchocele comes on at a very early period. The general state of health and circumstances of the conftitution are almoft totally different in the two difeafes-At the conclufion of the treatise are some criticifms on what Mr. Wilmer has published concerning this disease in his Cafes in Surgery *. From thefe, Mr. P. appears much hurt at an expreffion of Mr. Wilmer's, which, however, was not probably meant as he takes it. There is fome fimilarity between the Coventry method, as it is called, and Mr. Proffer's ; but the latter appears to us to have a lefs empirical caft t. Art. 45. Some Thoughts on the Relaxation of Human Bodies, and on the Mifapplication of the Bark in that and fome other Cafes. 8vo. 25. Nicoll. 1783.

Without attempting to lay down any precife and accurate ideas of the nature of relaxation, this writer gives his thoughts refpecting the treatment of a variety of difeafes in which this circumftance is fuppofed to exift, whether as a primary caufe, or a confequence

We

hall not follow him in his enumeration of thefe unconnected cafes, each of which is but very flightly touched upon. In general; he approves rather of the evacuant than the tonic plan in most of the difeafes which he adduces as inftances of relaxation.

There are, in this pamplet, fome remarks worthy the attention of practitioners; but we by no means would advise an implicit reliance on all the opinions which the writer advances. In particular, we are requested by a correfpondent to guard our readers against what he elleems a very dangerous error of this writer, viz. his recommendation of an emetic in the uterine hæmorrhage, fometimes fucceeding delivery. He was led to this, by obferving the flux of blood immediately stopped after a fpontaneous puking in a woman, reduced to the greatest extremity by fuch an hemorrhage. But our correfpondent rightly obferves, that the ceffation of the hemorrhage was probably owing to the fainting; and that the effect of vomiting would be more likely to renew than to fupprefs it. The recommendation of emetics in hæmorrhages is, indeed, not a new thing; but it seems before to have been merely on the ground of the temporary debility, and fufpention of the contractile power of the heart, brought on by the naufea; an effect fimilar to that produced by the faintnefs itself, which the discharge occafions. And when ficknefs comes on fpon

See Monthly Review for November 1779.

+ Mr. P. has favoured us with a letter, in which he complains that notice was not taken of his having anticipated Dr. Milman, in his attack on the doctrine of antifeptics, as maintained by Pringle, by his remarks on Mr. Alexander's experiments, annexed to the first edition of the treatife on the Bronchocele, and now omitted. But we defire Mr. P. to recollect, that medical reviewers are mortal men, like their brethren; and that it is impoffible the corps of to-day should have in their heads the fubftance of all pamphlets which paffed in review before their predeceffors.

002

taneously,

taneously, it is certainly rather an effort of nature to relieve herself from the ereas of debility, than to fupprefs the hæmorrhage.

We fha'l just hint to this author, who appears to affect the character of a scholar, that his application of a paffage from Horace, p. 12. can only be founded on a total mifconception of its meaning. Art. 45. 7. N Lieberkuhn Differtationes Quatuor, &c. Four Anatomical Differtations of the late Dr. Lieberkuhn, &c. now first collected and published by John Sheldon, Lecturer in Anatomy, &c. 4to. 6s. fewed. Cadell. 1-82.

We need only to obferve, with respect to this collection, that the first of chefe differtations is an inaugural thefis of the late wel-known and ingenious author, on the Valve of the Colon, and the use of the vermi ular process, on his taking his doctor's degree at Leyden, in 1739. The fecond is a memoir on the Structure and Action of the V of the Small Intepines. The third was published in the Berlin Memoirs in 148; and contains an account of the author's method of injecting the veffels of the different vifcera, for the purpose of difcovering their internal or vafcular firucture. The fecond of these tracts is illustrated by three plates, and the following by two more. The fourth diflertation contains the defcription of an Anatomical Microscope,' with its horrid apparatus, for the purpofe of crucifying living animals, and fixing them and their bowels in fuch a manner, with pointed hooks, as that they cannot move, in the midst of their protracted tortures, fo as to disturb the operator, after he has opened their bellies, and dragged out their inteftines, for his deliberate infpe&tion.-Thofe who are difpofed to purchafe, probably ufelefs, knowledge at fo very high a price, must confult the memoir itself.

RELIGIO U S.

Art. 47. A Treatise on the Sabbath. By William Lewelyn. 8vo. 2s. 6d. Evans. 1783.

This Writer contends that the divifion of our time into seven equal parts, and fetting afide one out of the feven for a general and facred reft, is, in itself confidered, ftriatly moral' And, as if this pofition was not fufliciently frong and explicit, he adds, It is a rule in its own nature necessary for the benefi: and even existence of fociety, and confequently strictly enjoined and commanded of God.' So extravagantly high doth this Writer carry his notions of the effential and inherent fanctity of the Sabbath, that he confiders the fourth Commandment as of more folemn authority, and of greater confequence than all the reft. It was the very first delivered to man: it was not only obferved by man in his perfect ftate, but by God him. felf-REMEMBER, was prefixed to this precept on Mount Sinai, and to this only. Mr. Lewelyn runs into a ftrain of compliment on the occafion. God found it a thing in itfelf fo wife, fo decent and jadicious, fo perfectly fit and proper, that he was refreshed with delightful reflections on the obfervation of it. He faw the thing itfelf fo fell of beauty and propriety, that he could not but commend and ap plaud his own wifdom for taking fo difcreet a flep, and bitting exactly upon the proper day and the precife measure of time for ceating from work. A day over, or a day under would have maimed its beauty and propriety, and this, it feems, would have betrayed an indifere

and

and injudicious fep! Thus God left off his work just when and where he ought. Had the whole (fays this Author) been fet up in a day or two, what a picture of wild hate and violence it would have exhibited! And had it been many days more, it would have been com paratively dull and tedious.-ix days was time enough for God to do the work of a God; the fame is fufficient for man to do the work of man. It is a perfect, exact, and beautiful rule, fuiting every working being, of any rank, place, or capacity, God, man, or beast.' The proclamation, we are informed, is fuppofed to run as followsBe it known to the whole creation, that I, the Creator, having, in fetting up the creation, worked fix days, myself made the experiment of flopping and reling the 7th, and have, upon the trial, found it a thing full of beauty, profit, and propriety. Be it therefore known, that I have bluffed and fanctified the practice and made it the rule for bringing my realonable creatures to happiness and holiness.'

With refpect to the change of the day from the feventh to the first, the Author expreffes himself fo myftically, and enigmatically, that he brings all Jacob Behmen before us Our Lord having removed the whole univerfe out of its old ftate, and landed with it on the other fide death, and fixed it in its perfect and permanent glory, the Evangelifts begin the hiftory of the new creation as if nothing had ever exifted till then. They call that morning M1A, firft, making it the birth and date of the exiftence of the univerfe. No fubftantive could have reached their idea. They do not fay first day, first morning, firft Sabbath, though thefe are included, but FIRST in the abfolute and fublime. This word reduces to nothing all that had ever been, and makes past days, months, years, ages, and all worlds as if they had never been before, and comprehends and fixes the date of the creation in its new exiflence. No other word had propriety, force, and expreffion fufficient for the purpose.'... ... Some might wonder that we have not rules for keeping the day preceptively delivered in the New Teflament. Eut this was needlefs; for they are delivered and enacted elsewhere: and by a myllical tranûtion carried over into the New Teilament. Every commandment of the Law is there declared to be in full force, and to remain fo without the leaft abatement; confequently the 4th ftands there as the guide and rule of the church for Matthew fays, that the evening or edge of the Sabba.hs reached over, and in the dawn afcended into the MIA of the new Sabbath, and therefore brought over all that effentially belonged to it in its former flate.'

Why fuch partial praise fhould be lavished on the Mia of St. Matthew, and the Prote of St. Mark (entitled to an equal share of honour, and that too, by a prior claim, and by right of inheritance) fhould be totally neglected, we are as much at a lofs to account for, as to comprehend many of the very fingular paradoxes of this ftrange, heterogeneous, verbofe, and mythical publication. And yet we liequently perceive the gleams of a vigorous imagination which break out from the clouds which obicure the Author's judgment. They are fuch, indeed, as may be compared to thofe equivocal flashes which fome times play upon the fkirts of night, but only ferve (as the great poet fays) to make darkness visible."

Art.

Art. 48. Divine Institutes of True Religion and Civil Government. 8vo. I s. 6d. Donaldfon.

Ye advocates for liberty! ye friends of mankind! bring forth your moft potent charms: for, behold, the ghost of Sir Robert Filmer is rifen from the dead, again to maintain the jus divinum of Kings!

When Adam finned, flavery took place of perfect freedom, and became the inevitable portion of his pofterity. The defcendants of Ham were, by the judicial appointment of God fentenced to fervitude; and this fentence has been fulfilling 4000 years. But the defcendants of Ham were a third part of mankind: therefore a third part of mankind have been born in a state of abfolute flavery, in which they still remain.'

Thus all mankind inherit flavery from Adam, and one third of mankind inherit this birth right both from Adam and from Ham: that is, all mankind are by nature flaves, and one third of mankind are doubly flaves. How does this fupport, or agree with, the doctrine, that fome part of mankind have a divine right to be Kings? Let the ghost be heard.

That the Lord and Master of the world has fet one above another by the cleareft appointment, is indifputably proved, from the promife which God gave to Abraham: "And KINGS fhall come of thee:"-a -a promife given to Abraham before he was circumcifed, that it might be extended to the univerfal church of God. Hence it is manifeft, that Abraham was ordained and constituted fupreme and univerfal head and parent of all nations and people, who should, from that period to the end of time, profefs the faith and worship the God of Abraham; and that he was alfo, by the fame Divine ap pointment, the covenant head in Chrift of all power and authority; Kings and Princes deriving their original defcent from him, and holding their dominion and fovereignty by virtue of the covenant which God made with Abraham.-The divine original of kingly government is alfo proved from analogy, and the typical doctrine of the holy Scripture. It is allowed, that "all ideas come from fenfation and reflection: [What then?] It was THEREFORE neceffery that the fpiritual reign of the King of Kings fhould have a correfponding reprefentation, or typical fign among mankind, to prefigure his ki gdom, power and glory, which could only be done by the reign of Kings over their fubje&s.-Kingly government is thus moft clearly proved to be of divine original. Demonftration itself can prove nothing more evident.'

Alas! poor Ghoft!-if this be all thy meffage, hafte thee b ck to thy prifon-houfe, and leave it to mortal, to rule and be ruled as feemeth to them good.

Art. 49. Reflections on the Unity of God, as it accords with the received Doctrine of the Trinity: and the Precepts of the old and New Testament. Addressed to Chriflians of all Denominations. By J. G. Efq. 8vo. 15. Johnfon. 1782.

The reflections here offered are pertinent, and proper to the fubject: they feem to arife from a well difpofed mind, and are delivered with candour and ferioufnels. It is to be considered, however, that Chriftians in general, and the exceptions we fuppofe are very few n

deed,

deed, agree in acknowledging the Unity of God, though numbers Connect fentiments with this which appear to others to contradict it. But it is unneceffary for us to offer any remarks on the subject.

SERMON S.

I. The Measures of Toleration: Preached before the Synod of Aberdeen, October 8th, 1782. By Alexander Fullerton, M. A. Miniller at Futtie. 8vo. Aberdeen, printed.

This fermon breathes a fpirit fo manly, fo liberal, and fo truly Proteftant, that we cannot help recommending it to our Readers. Toleration, though the pride and boast of cultivated humanity, does not seem to be thoroughly understood, even in this enlightened and philofophical age; at leaft, if we may judge from the temper and conduct of many perfons, from whom better things might reafonably have been expected, on a late memorable but melancholy occafion.

The warm contefts which lately agitated the minds of men, in regard to a relaxation of the laws againft perfons profeffing the Popith religion, and thofe dreadful outrages which proceeded from bigotry and an intolerant fpirit, will, Mr. Fullerton hopes, plead his excufe for publishing his thoughts on fo delicate a point. If the danger that was apprehended, whether real or apparent, is now over, the minds of men, it may reafonably be prefumed, he obferves, will be more difpofed to weigh arguments on both fides with calm attention and impartiality; and fentiments formed on proper information and deliberate enquiry, in a cafe of fuch confequence, may be productive of many good effects on practice, though the cause, which firft fuggefted the enquiry, fhould never again come into view. Befides, he tells us, what we are extremely forry to hear, that the fpiric of oppofition to the lately propofed indulgence has not, upon being gratified, entirely fubfided, but ftill continues active and reitlefs.

This leads him to explain the grounds, and afcertain the measures, of religious toleration; and to enquire how tar koman Catholics come within the limits of thefe meafures, and ought to be allowed the free and public exercife of that religion which they profefs. He thews, very clearly, both from reafon and Scripture, the injuftice of refufing the indulgence lately propofed to be granted them; confiders the principal arguments that have been adduced by thole who op. pofed the repeal, and makes it appear that none of them. however founded in fuppofed expediency, or on the bafis of a narrow and par-, tial policy, are fufficient to vindicate a palpable violation of the rules of equity.

re

The Notes contain several material circumflances which the r rality of our Readers cannot be luppold to be acquainted wit→ In the Appendix, we have a Copy of the Oath to be taken and fuɔfçribed by perfons profeiling the Popish religion, in o der to quality them to claim the benefit of Aci 60, 18 George! L—the colution of the General Affembly concerning Popery, Loirlargh, May 2; b, 1779-and an Account of the fentiments and cond. of the Pclbytery of Aberdeen, February 11th, 1.75.

We are forry that the bounds allotted to this ticle, il ret allow us to lay before our Readers that part of the eygenix which re