academy, and some manufactories. A fine wooden bridge, with three piers, crosses the river here. Population, 1300.

Ogdensburgh, in the town of Oswegatchie, and at the mouth of Oswegatchie river, was incorporated in 1817. It is a flourishing village of about 4000 inhabitants. It has an academy in a very prosperous condition. It is at the foot of sloop navigation on the St. Lawrence, and is the terminus of the proposed Ogdensburgh and Plattsburgh railroad.

Potsdam, incorporated in 1831, is the seat of the St. Lawrence academy, a chartered institution, with two large stone edifices, each four stories high. It has also several manufactories. Population, 1200.

Rossie is celebrated for its valuable and inexhaustible lead mines. Population, 800.

Brasher's Falls, on the rapids of Deer river, is finely situated for manufacturing purposes.

Waddington is a manufacturing village in the town of Madrid. It was incorporated in 1839, and is rapidly increasing in population. A bridge connects it with Ogden's island, in the St. Lawrence. Population, 600.

Gouverneur is the coldest place in the state. Here is located the Gouverneur Wesleyan Seminary. Population, 600.

5

Square miles, 308.

Population, 24,972.
Organized, 1804.

Valuation, 1845, $5,674,034.

TOWNS.

1. Ovid, 1789.
2. Romulus, 1789.
3. Fayette, 1800.

4. Junius, 1803.

5. Covert, 1817.

6. Lodi, 1826.

7. Seneca Falls, 1829.

8. Tyre, 1829.
9. Waterloo, 1829.
10. Varick, 1830.

Rivers. c. Clyde.
Seneca.

k.

Lakes. BB. Seneca. DD.
Cayuga.

Falls. Seneca.

Villages. WATERLO0.
OVID. Seneca Falls.

BOUNDARIES. North by Wayne county; East by Cayuga county and Cayuga Lake; South by Tompkins county; and West by Seneca Lake and Ontario county.

SURFACE. The surface of this county rises from the lakes, which bound it on either side, to an altitude of 1200 or 1300 feet above tide water, and presents a pleasing diversity of beautiful valleys and hills.

RIVERS. The Seneca outlet is the principal stream, connecting Seneca and Cayuga lakes. The Clyde crosses its north

eastern corner.

FALLS. The Seneca outlet has a descent of forty-seven feet, at the village of Seneca Falls.

LAKES. The lakes are Seneca and Cayuga.

CANALS. The Erie canal passes through the town of Tyre, in the north-east corner of this county, and the Cayuga and Seneca canal crosses the county, through the towns of Seneca and Waterloo, connecting the waters of the Seneca and Cayuga Lakes, and the Erie canal, at Montezuma.

RAILROADS. The Auburn and Rochester railroad passes through this county, most of the distance running parallel with Seneca outlet and canal.

CLIMATE. Mild and temperate. The situation of the county between two considerable bodies of water, prevents the long continuance of snow in winter, and essentially modifies the climate. It is considered healthy.

GEOLOGY AND MINERALS. The rocks of the northern section of this county, belong to the Onondaga salt group; those of the central, to the Helderberg limestones; and the southern to the Ludlowville shales of the Erie group.

Gypsum, or plaster of Paris is found in extensive beds near Seneca falls, and is largely exported. Variegated marble occurs near Seneca lake. Petroleum or Seneca oil is found floating on the Seneca lake, and on springs near it. A pool twenty feet in diameter, near Cayuga, constantly gives off nitrogen gas in large quantities.

SOIL AND VEGETABLE PRODUCTIONS. The soil is mostly a calcareous loam and mould of excellent quality, and well adapted to wheat and grass. Fruit is cultivated to a considerable extent, and attains great perfection. Oak, maple, beech, elm, butternut, and in the highlands, pine and hemlock, are the principal forest trees.

PURSUITS. The people are largely engaged in the culture of wheat and grass, and the rearing of cattle.

Manufactures are increasing. The principal articles are flour, cotton and woollen goods, distilled liquors, and leather. Commerce. The county has considerable commerce, both by way of the Seneca and Cayuga lakes, and by the Erie canal. Gypsum and agricultural products are largely exported.

STAPLE PRODUCTIONS. Wheat, oats, corn, hops, plaster of Paris, wool and butter.

SCHOOLS. In 1846, there were 110 common schools, taught, on an average, nine months each, and attended by 8065 children. The teachers' wages amounted to $13,023, and the district libraries to 14,956 volumes.

There were also twenty-two select schools, with 298 scholars, and three academies, with 248 students.

RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. Methodists, Presbyterians, Baptists, Dutch Reformed, Episcopalians, Friends, and Roman Catholics. The whole number of churches is thirty-eight, of clergymen, forty-six.

HISTORY. The first settlers in Seneca county were Messrs. Horatio Jones and Lawrence Van Clief, who located themselves at Seneca Falls, in 1784 or 1785. Mr. James Bennet settled at West Cayuga, in 1787. Colonel Mynderse, who established himself in Seneca Falls in 1795, founded the village of that name in 1816.

The county belonged to the Military Tract, granted to the soldiers of the state, by the legislature, and the land titles are derived from them. The Indian title to these lands was not extinguished till 1789. Its growth has been rapid since its first settlement.

VILLAGES. WATERLOO village, in the town of Waterloo, is a half shire town, lying on the north side of the Seneca outlet, and incorporated in 1824. It is a very flourishing manufacturing village, containing, besides the county buildings, a number of churches and a chartered academy, occupying a fine building, and amply provided with apparatus for the illustration of the natural sciences. Large quantities of limestone are quarried in the vicinity. The Cayuga and Seneca canal, and the Auburn and Rochester railroad, both pass through the village. Population 3200.

OVID, a half shire village, was incorporated in 1816. It is situated on elevated ground, about midway between the lakes, and commands a fine and widely extended prospect. It has a chartered academy. Population 700.

Seneca Falls was incorporated in 1831, and, like Waterloo, is situated on the Seneca outlet, the canal and railroad. It derives an abundant hydraulic power from the Seneca outlet, the water of which is constant and steady, and is applied extensively to manufacturing purposes, by means of four dams having a total fall of forty-seven feet. A flourishing academy is located at this village. Population 3000.