GLENODINIUM.

a

In Hertwig's Zoology it is stated that these organisms have recently been placed near the plants because with their brown chromatophores their food relations are like those of plants, although the taking of solid food by a mouthopening has been observed. The armor, formed of cellulose plates, is also plant-like. The pigment appears to vary in hue in different species, being yellow, brown, or reddish brown.

RED-WATER, BLOODY URINE, MOOR-ILL, HAEMATURIA. A disease of cattle, and occasionally of sheep, attributed to eating coarse, indigestible, innutritive food, continued exposure to inclement weather, and other indefinite causes. Attention to the proper nutrition of the stock, a supply of good water, and the improvement of pastures by draining, liming, and manuring, have been recommended as preventives.

RED WHELK. See SPINDLE-SHELL.

RED WING. A city and the county-seat of Goodhue County, Minn., 40 miles southeast of Saint Paul, on the Mississippi River, here spanned by a high bridge, and on the Chicago, Milwaukee and Saint Paul, and branches of the Chicago and Northwestern and the Chicago Great Western railroads (Map: Minnesota, F 6). It has a State training school, the Hauge Seminary, the Lutheran Ladies' Seminary, and city and private hospitals. Red Wing is situated in a rich agricultural region, but is better known for its manufactures, which include stoneware, sewer pipe, furniture, linseed oil, malt, beer, lime, hats, flour, lumber products, and shoe specialties. The government is vested in a mayor, elected biennially, and a unicameral council. Settled in 1845, Red Wing was incorporated in 1858. Population, in 1890, 6294; in 1900, 7525.

REDWING. (1) An American blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus) of the oriole family (Icterida). The male in full plumage is jet-black, with the bend of the wing bright scarlet, bordered with buff. The female is variegated with brown and buff, black and white. The redwing is 91⁄2 inches long. It breeds throughout the United States, but winters from Virginia southward. The nest is built of coarse grass and rushes among the bushes or reeds of a swamp, and the eggs are pale blue, with peculiar penstroke markings of dark purple or black. (See Colored Plate of EGGS OF AMERICAN SONG BIRDS.) The note is a loud clear call well imitated by the syllables cong-ka-rée, the last one accented and prolonged. The redwing is one of the first of the spring migrants in the Northern United when breeding the birds are more or less sociable, States, and often appears in large flocks. Even and several pairs are usually found in the same marsh. Like its relatives, the other blackbirds and the bobolink, the redwing feeds on both insects and seeds, and also enjoys unripe corn or grain, and occasionally raids the maize fields to a destructive extent. See BLACKBIRD.

(2) An English thrush (Turdus iliacus) which spends the summer in the northern parts of Europe and Asia, and migrates southward in color is a rich clove-brown on the head, upper winter as far as the Mediterranean. The general parts of the body, and tail; the lower parts whitish, tinged and streaked with brown; the under wing-coverts and axillary feathers bright reddish orange. The redwing congregates in large flocks and has an exquisite song.

(3) One of several other birds with red on the wings, as one of the South African partridges (Francolinus Le Vaillanti).

REDWITZ, rěd'vits, OSKAR, Baron von (182391). A German poet, dramatist, and novelist, born in Lichtenau, near Ansbach. He is best known for his ultrapatriotic poem Das Lied vom neuen deutschen Reich (1871, 11th ed. 1876). Other noteworthy poems by him are Amaranth (1849, 36th ed. 1886) and Odilio (1876). A novel, Hermann Stark (1868), and the dramas Philippine Welser (1859), Der Zunftmeister von Nürnberg (1860), and Der Doge von Venedig (1863) may also be named.

REDWOOD (Sequoia sempervirens). A California conifer which grows upon the Pacific Coast mountains and is next in size to the Sequoia gigantea, or 'big tree.' (See SEQUOIA.) It often attains a height of 250 feet, and sometimes 300 feet, with a diameter, in the largest, of 15 feet. The young wood is red, but on exposure to the air and light it sometimes fades. The timber, which is common on the Pacific Coast, is soft, straight-grained,easily worked, A durable, and well suited for inside finishing of houses, since it takes a good polish. The redwood sends up suckers from the stumps, and seeds itself well, so that the forests are maintained. Redwood is also a name given

BRANCH OF REDWOOD.

a leguminous tree of India, where the wood is much used as a dye.

RED WOOD, BOVERTON (1846-). An Eng lish consulting chemist and authority on petroleum. He was born in London, studied at University College School, and learned pharmacy. As an expert on coal oils, Redwood traveled in Europe and America, acted as a member of technical juries of award in international expositions and health exhibitions, and was frequently consulted by the English Parliament on legislation in regard to the oil trade. His pub

lished works include: Cantor Lectures on Petroleum and Its Use (1887); Reports on Accidents with Mineral Oil Lamps and on the Transport of Petroleum Through the Suez Canal (with Abel, 1890 and 1892); Treatise on Petroleum (1896); Detection of Inflammable Gases (1896, with Clowes); and, with Thomson, Handbook on Petroleum (1901).

REED (AS. hreod, OHG. hriot, riot, Ger. Ried, Riet). The common name of certain tall grasses growing in moist or marshy places. The common reed (Phragmites communis) is abundant in Continental Europe, Asia, and America in wet meadows and stagnant waters, and by the banks of rivers and ditches. It grows chiefly in rich alluvial soils. The hard, almost woody culms are 5 to 10 feet high, and bear at the top a large reddish-brown or yellowish much-branched panicle. They are used for making garden screens, light fences, and frameworks to be covered with clay in partitions and floors. Cattle readily eat the young shoots, but refuse the hard old ones. Nearly allied to this is Arundo Donax, the largest of European grasses. It is 6 to 12 feet high, and has thick, hollow, woody culms, and a purplish yellow panicle, silvery and shining from silky hairs. The woody stems are an article of commerce, and are used by musical instrument makers for reeds of clarinets and mouthpieces of oboes. They are also made into walking-sticks and fishing-rods. The creeping roots contain much starch and some sugar. Arundo Karka is supposed to be the grass called Sur in Sinde, of which the flower-stalks are very fibrous; and the fibres, being partially separated by beating, are twisted into twine and ropes. The sea reed (Ammophila arundinacea) grows along the sandy shores of the Great Lakes and the Atlantic Ocean, and is one of the best sandbinding grasses for regions adapted to its growth. The small cane Arundinaria tecta is called reed in the United States.

REED. In music, a thin strip of cane, wood, or metal secured at one end in front of an aperture, through which a current of air passing sets it in vibration. The vibrations thus started are either communicated to an inclosed column of air, or are released into the open air, in either event producing a musical sound. The reed is of two kinds, the beating reed and free reed. The former is used in the reed-pipes of an organ (q.v.), and requires to be placed within a tube in order to produce a musical sound. It consists of a metallic cylinder, with the front part cut away, and a brass spring or tongue placed against the opening and attached at the upper end. The resultant note is dependent for its pitch on the length of the tongue, which is regu

MENTS.

REED, ANDREW (1787-1862). An English clergyman and philanthropist. He was born at Beaumont House, Saint Clement Danes, London. In 1807 he entered Hackney College, and in 1811, after preaching in many parts of England, he decided upon the Congregational Chapel at New Road, London. He continued the pastorate of this congregation until 1861. As a philanthropist his efforts were devoted to the establishment of orphan asylums. His other charitable works were the Asylum for Idiots, founded in 1846, and the Royal Hospital for Incurables, begun in 1855, with its home at Putney House, Surrey. He was the author of various works of a religious character. Consult his Memoirs, edited by his sons (London, 1863).

REED, Sir CHARLES (1819-81). An English

politician, educator, and philanthropist. He was the son of Rev. Andrew Reed (q.v.), and was born near Sonning, in Berkshire. He was educated chiefly at the Hackney Grammar School. At the age of seventeen he was apprenticed to a firm of woolen manufacturers at Leeds, and in 1842 he entered the printing business in London. A prosperous career led to his independent establishment as type-founder in 1861, a business which continued until his death as 'Sir Charles Reed and Sons, Limited.' He held many offices of public trust, besides taking an active part in the administration of the institutions founded by his father. In 1868 he entered Parliament as Liberal member for Hackney, and retained his seat until 1874. He was reëlected as member for Saint Ives in 1880. During his Parliamentary career he was identified with the discussions of educational questions, and was elected chairman of the London School Board in 1873, retaining the post until his death. In 1876 he was president of the Judges on Education at the International Exhibition of Philadelphia. He made collections of antiquities as an avocation, and was part translator with H. T. Riley of Liber Albus, the White Book of the City of London, published in the Rolls Series in 1862, besides being a frequent contributor to Notes and Queries. He was also joint editor with his brother Andrew of Memoirs of the Life and Philanthropic Labors of Andrew Reed, D.D. (1863).

REED, Sir EDWARD JAMES (1830-). A British naval engineer, born near Sheerness. He was

educated at the School of Mathematics and Naval Construction at Portsmouth, and became secretary of the Institution of Naval Architects. From 1863 to 1870, when he resigned, he was chief constructor of the British Navy. In 1886 Gladstone appointed him Lord of the Treasury, and from 1874 to 1895 he was a member of Parliament. In 1880 he was created a knight commander of the Bath. He published: Our Ironclad Ships (1869); Letters from Russia in 1875 (1876); The Stability of Ships (1884); and, in collaboration with Admiral Simpson, Modern Ships of War (1888).

His

REED, HENRY (1808-54). An American educator and critic, born in Philadelphia, Pa. He graduated at the University of Pennsylvania in 1825, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1829. In 1831 he became assistant professor of English and of moral philosophy in the University of Pennsylvania, and in 1835 was made professor of rhetoric and English literature at the same institution. This he held till the year of his death, which occurred in the sinking of the steamship Arctic, September 27, 1854. literary work consisted mainly of the posthumously published lectures and essays on literature; Lectures on English Literature (1855); Lectures on English History and Tragic Poetry as Illustrated by Shakespeare (1856); and Lectures on the British Poets (1857). He did much by his editions of Wordsworth to further the study of that poet in America. His works were edited by his brother, William Bradford Reed (q.v.).

REED, JOSEPH (1741-85). An American patriot of the Revolutionary period. He was born at Trenton, N. J., August 27, 1741, and graduated at the College of New Jersey, now

Princeton, in 1757. From 1763 to 1765 he studied law in England, being entered at the Middle Temple. He then began practice at Trenton, and in 1767 became deputy secretary of New Jersey. On his return in 1770 from a second visit to England, where he married a daughter of Dennis Deberdt, the agent of Massachusetts in England, he removed to Philadelphia, served on the Committee of Correspondence, and was president of the Pennsylvania Provincial Congress in 1775. In 1775 he served as a delegate to the Continental Congress and became Washington's secretary and aid-de-camp. He was adjutant-general during the New Jersey campaign, the success of which was due in no small degree to his knowledge of the country. In 1777 he declined the posts of Chief Justice of Pennsylvania and Commissioner of Indian Affairs, and a promotion to the rank of brigadier-general, and remained in the volunteer without pay, serving with credit in the battles of Brandywine, Germantown, and Monmouth. He was a member of the Continental Congress in 1778, and signed the Articles of Confederation. He was president of the Pennsylvania Supreme Executive Council from 1778 to 1781, in which capacity he helped to suppress the revolt of the Pennsylvania line in the latter year. He had previously caused the trial of Arnold for maladministration. During his administration he aided in founding the University of Pennsylvania and advocated the gradual abolition of slavery. Reed died March 5, 1785. Consult W. B. Reed, Life and Correspondence of Joseph Reed (Philadelphia, 1847).

army as a

REED, THOMAS BRACKETT (1839-1902). An American lawyer and political leader, born at Portland, Maine. He graduated at Bowdoin Col lege in 1860; emigrated to California, where he taught school, in the meantime devoting his spare moments to the study of law; returned to Portland in 1864, and was appointed paymaster in the United States Navy, in which capacity he served until his honorable discharge in November, 1865. Shortly thereafter he was admitted to the bar and began the practice of law at Portland. In 1868-69 he was a member of the Lower House of the Maine Legislature, and in 1870 sat in the State Senate. From 1870 to 1872 he served as Attorney-General of Maine, and from 1874 to 1877 was solicitor of the City of Portland. In 1876 he was elected to Congress and was continuously reelected until House. Again in 1895 and in 1897 he was elected 1898. In 1889 he was chosen Speaker of the Speaker, but before the expiration of his last term he resigned his seat in Congress and entered upon the practice of law in New York City. As Speaker of the National House of Representatives, he made a notable innovation upon the par

liamentary procedure of that body by adopting the practice of counting as present those members of the opposition who, though physically present, refused to vote in order to prevent a quorum. This innovation created a storm of opposition in the House and was denounced as revo lutionary. His rulings, however, were sustained by the majority. The practice was soon acquiesced in by the Democrats, and it has come to be a permanent part of the procedure of the Lower House. In 1896 Reed was a prominent candidate for the Republican nomination for the Presidency, but was defeated by William Mekinley. He died at Washington in December, 1902 Speaker Reed was an able parliamentarian and an efficient speaker, his addresses often being enlivened by rare wit and humor.

REED, WALTER (1851-1902). An American army surgeon, sanitarian, and bacteriologist, born in Virginia. He received his medical education in the University of Virginia and in Bellevue College Hospital, New York City. He was ap pointed assistant surgeon in the army in 1875, and in 1890 was assigned to duty in Baltimore, where he remained a year. During this period he made an especial study of bacteriology in the laboratory of Prof. William Welch in Johns Hopkins University. In 1893 he was appointed curator of the Army Medical Museum in Washington, and established a laboratory in which he gave instruction in bacteriology to the student officers of the newly established Army Medical School, and did much original work in bacteriology and in the conduct of special sanitary inspections an head of a board, of which Drs. Victor C. Vaughan investigations. In 1898 he was placed at the and E. O. Shakespeare were the other members to investigate the epidemic occurrence of typhoid fever among the troops assembled for the Span ish-American War. It developed the surprising fact that infected water was not an importan” factor in camp epidemies of typhoid fever, but that the infection was distributed by the agen of flies and on the hands, feet, and clothing of the men. Their work is remarkable for the patien and skill with which a vast number of facts we brought together and collated. In 1899 Reed. with his assistant, Carroll, demonstrated the