by Jay; 10, 14, 18-20, 37-63 by Madison; and the remainder by Hamilton. PUCCINIA, pŭk-sinʼi-ȧ (Neo-Lat., named in honor of Puccini, an Italian anatomist). A genus of fungi, the best known species of which is probably Puccinia graminis, wheat rust, which passes part of its life upon the barberry (q.v.). See RUST. PUCCOON' (from the North American Indian name). An American name for various plants or their colored juices. In the South it is applied to Sanguinaria (q.v.); in the Southwest to Lithospermum hirtum (hairy puccoon) and Lithospermum canescens (hoary puccoon or alkanet). Yellow puccoon (Hyarastis Canadensis) is also called Indian dye or turmeric, yellow or orange root, and golden seal. PUCHTA, põõк'tȧ, GEORG FRIEDRICH (17981846). A great German jurist who systematized the theories of the historical school of law. He was born at Kadolzburg, was educated at Erlangen, taught there (1820-28), was professor at Munich until 1835, then in Marburg, in Leipzig (1837-42), and for the last three years of his life in Berlin as successor of Savigny. A follower of Schelling in philosophy, and an intimate friend of that master, whom he had known in Munich, Puchta was a profound thinker and clear stylist. His more important works are: Civilistische Abhandlungen (1823); Lehrbuch der Pandekten (1838; 12th ed. 1877); Einleitung in das Recht der Kirche (1840); Kursus der Institutionen (1847-47; 9th ed. 1881); Vorlesungen über das heutige römische Recht (1847-48, edited by Rudorff; 6th ed. 1873-74). PUCK. An elf who plays an important part in Shakespeare's Midsummer Night's Dream, and who is identified with Robin Goodfellow (q.v.). Briefe eines Verstorbenen (1830), a diary descriptive of manners and customs of the aristocracy of many lands, is still read. PUCRAS (East Indian name), or KoKLASS. A pheasant of the Himalayan genus Pucrasia, recognizable by the long crests and still longer ear-tufts of the cocks. Their flight is swift and they are favorites with sportsmen. PUDDLING. See IRON AND STEEL. PUDICITIA, pu'di-sish'i-à (Lat., modesty). The goddess of chastity and modesty, at first worshiped only by patrician Roman matrons, but later by plebeians as well. She corresponds to the Greek goddess Aldus. PUDSEY, půdʼzi. A woolen-manufacturing town in the West Riding of Yorkshire, England, three miles east of Bradford (Map: England, E 3). It was incorporated in 1899, and has shown much municipal activity and improvement. Population, in 1891, 13,400; in 1901, 14,900. PUDU, poo'doo (South American name). A very small white-tailed, stout-limbed deer of the Chilean Andes (Pudua humilis), which has antlers in the form of minute simple spikes, and has no upper canine teeth. It is restricted to the high mountains of Chile, where it is an object of sport. See Plate of FALLOW DEER, MUSK, ETC. PUEBLA, pwâʼblå. An inland State of Mexico, bounded by the State of Vera Cruz on the north and east, Oaxaca and Guerrero on the south, and by Morelos, Mexico, and Hidalgo on the west (Map: Mexico, K 8). Area, 12,204 square miles. The State includes one of the most elevated portions of Mexico. On the western frontier rise the volcanic peaks of Popocatepetl and Iztaccihuatl, and on the eastern boundary the great cone of Orizaba. The northern part is traversed by the Sierra Madre, and the extreme north PUCKLE, JAMES (1667-1724). An English slopes toward the low coast region. The central writer. He was born at Norwich and later set- portion belongs to the Plateau of Anahuac tled in London as a notary public. He is re- (q.v.), while in the south deep valleys are the membered for The Club, or a Dialogue Between most prominent features. The chief river is the Father and Son, in Vino Veritas (1711). In Apoyac, or upper course of the Mescala, which 1723 a revised and enlarged version ap- traverses the southern portion. The climate peared under the title The Club, or a Grey varies considerably according to the elevation, Cap for a Greenhead, in a Dialogue Between and the soil is generally fertile in the valleys, Father and Son. It is a series of character where sugar and cotton are cultivated. The sketches connected by the fiction of a club, called more elevated regions are devoted chiefly to the The Noah's Ark. The son describes the types raising of cereals. Grazing is carried on exmet at the club, and his father comments upon tensively in some parts of the State. The minthem. The edition of 1723 was reprinted with eral deposits are believed to be considerable, but illustrations by John Thurston (1817), with a mining is as yet in a backward state, though preface added by S. W. Singer (1834); again at some marble is quarried. The State is crossed by Glasgow in 1890; and with an introduction by several railroad lines. Population, in 1895, Austin Dobson (London, 1900; New York, 1901). 973,876; in 1900, 1,024,446, including a large PÜCKLER-MUSKAU, pukʼlĕr-mus'kou, number of civilized Indians. Capital, Puebla. HERMANN LUDWIG HEINRICH, Prince (17851871). A German author, born in Muskau, Lusatia, and educated at Halle and Leipzig. He entered the army in 1803, served with much distinction, and in 1822, after his retirement, was made prince by the King of Prussia. He traveled much in England, where he developed his love for landscape gardening. Gardens on his own estate at Muskau and in Weimar were laid out after the plans described in his Landschaftsgärtnerei (1834). His books of travel, especially The Travels of a German Prince in England (tr. by Sarah Austin, 1832), Tutti Frutti (tr. by Spencer, 1834), and Mehemet Ali and Egypt (1848), made a strong impression on account of their brilliant style. His first work, PUEBLA, or PUEBLA DE ZARAGOZA, formerly PUEBLA DE LOS ANGELES. The capital of the State of Puebla, Mexico, and the largest city of the Republic next to the national capital. It is situated on the Atoyac River, 60 miles southeast of Mexico City, at an elevation of 7200 feet above the sea, and between the bases of Mounts Malinche and Popocatepetl (Map: Mexico, K 8). It is a very pleasant and well-built city, regularly laid out with broad streets and spacious squares. The uniform slope of the ground gives it a good natural drainage, which is further reinforced by a good artificial system, so that it is a very healthful city. Among its many handsome buildings the most prominent is the cathedral, which rivals that of Mexico, and whose two fine towers dominate the view of the city. Other notable buildings and institutions are the Palace of Justice, the Alhóndiga, a large and handsome building occupied by the State Legislature, the State College with a large library, the School of Medicine, the Palafoxiana Library containing over 100,000 volumes, the Academy of Fine Arts, and several theatres and hospitals. The city is an important commercial and industrial centre. It has several cotton and woolen mills, foundries, and glass factories, and is connected by rail with Mexico, Vera Cruz, Orizaba, and Oaxaca. Population, in 1895, of the city proper, 88,684. Puebla was founded as a mission station in 1530 by Toribio de Benaventa. In 1847, during the war with the United States, it was occupied for some time by the American forces. In 1862 it was attacked by the French army, which was repulsed by General Zaragoza, in whose honor the city received its present name. The French, however, captured it in the following year. Consult: Romero, Geographical and Statistical Notes on Mexico (London, 1898); Ramirez, Informe sobre la exploración hecha en los terrenos de Tultic (Mexico, 1883). PUEBLO, pwěb'lo (Sp., village). A name first used by the Spaniards, and later adopted by the Americans, to designate the semi-civilized agricultural and sedentary Indians dwelling in adobe or stone-built communal houses in the arid region of the Southwestern United States, chiefly along the Rio Grande and its tributaries. The term 'village Indians' was used in distinction from the ruder wandering tribes, without reference to political or linguistic affiliations. The existing pueblos, or settlements, now number 27, besides the Mexicanized colonies of Isleta in Texas and Senecú in Mexico, together with several sub-pueblos, representing in all four distinct stocks, with about twice as many languages and several additional dialects. With the exception of Zuñi, the seven Moki villages in Arizona and the two Pueblo colonies below El Paso, all the existing pueblos are within a limited area of north central New Mexico, but the hundreds of ruins, together with traditional and historical evidence, prove that the area of Pueblo culture formerly comprised the whole region from the Pecos to the middle Gila, and from central Colorado and Utah southward into Mexico. This does not mean that all of the ruins were occupied at the same time, but that at one time or another every part of the region in question was within the sphere of Pueblo culture. There seems to have been a gradual withdrawal from the northern and other more exposed sections and a concentration upon central points, due to the invasion of the savage Apache and Navaho. Some Pueblo tribes have distinct traditions of their former occupancy of particular ruins, frequently remote from their existing villages. The recorded history of the Pueblos begins with their discovery by Father Marcos de Niza in 1539, followed up by the expedition of Coronado (q.v.) the following year. Later on the occupation and conquest of the country was begun in earnest. Within the next century missions were established in nearly every pueblo, and the whole country was mapped out into districts, held under close subjection by Spanish garrisons. The exactions of the commanders, the outrages of the soldiers, and the interference of the mis sionaries with the old-time pleasures and ceremonies of the Indians, bred discontent, and in 1680, under the leadership of Popé, a medicine man of the Tewa, there was a simultaneous rising of the Pueblos from the Pecos to the Hopi villages so sudden and complete in its surprise that priests, soldiers, and civilians were everywhere butchered, and the survivors after holding out for a time under Governor Otermin at Santa Fé fled to El Paso, leaving not a single Spaniard in New Mexico. A few of the Piro and Tigua tribes who adhered to the Spaniards followed them in their retreat, and were afterwards colonized respectively at Senecú and Isleta, below El Paso. The people of Awátobi, one of the Hopi towns, who had refused to dismiss or butcher their missionaries, were massacred by their kindred of the other Hopi villages, and their town was destroyed. Taking care to make their preparation complete, the Spaniards gathered their forces together for another invasion of the country, and this time with such success that by 1692 the reconquest of the Pueblos was complete. The missions, however, were not reëstablished, and most of the tribes relapsed into their primitive religion and ceremonial. Their history from that period until the Mexican War brought them under American jurisdiction is of little outside By the treaty with Mexico they importance. were declared American citizens on the same terms as their Mexican neighbors, but the new territorial administration refused to admit them to equal rights, and they continue to be treated as Indians under Government control according to the regular agency system. They are entirely self-supporting, however, and ask and receive little beyond schools and recognition of certain village and farming reservations. Physically the Pueblo Indians are small in stature, but very strong, being able to walk or even run long distances, or climb steep or difficult mountain trails, under burdens that would tax the strongest white man. They are darker than the Plains Indians, with mild and friendly countenances, indicative of their disposition. They are not aggressive warriors, fighting usually only in self-defense, and preferring rather to avoid trouble with the wild Apache and Navaho by building their settlements upon the tops of high cliffs, to be ascended only by narrow and easily defended trails. Hence the name 'Cliff Dwellers' frequently applied to them and more particularly to the extinct inhabitants of the Since the Government northern cañon ruins. has interfered to restrain the predatory tribes, most of the Pueblos have come down upon the plain, but the Hopi of Arizona still have their villages upon mesas several hundred feet above the surrounding level. Their houses are solidly built communal structures of adobe or stone set in clay mortar, with square rooms and flat roofs, through which trap-doors with ladders give access to the interior, the outer walls being frequently without door or window as a precaution against attack. Rooms are added to the original structure as needed, and a whole village frequently forms one compact building, with stories in terrace style, one above another. An important feature of each pueblo is the kiva or underground chamber for the use of the various ceremonial societies. Their dress is of buckskin or of cotton or woolen fabrics of their native weaving. In some tribes, as the Hopi, the unmarried women are distinguished by a peculiar arrangement of the hair. They are all basket-makers, each pueblo having its own method or design. In variety of pattern and beauty of decoration they have developed the pottery art to a higher stage than was found anywhere else in the United States. Their men are also skillful wood-carvers, particularly in the shaping of ceremonial figurines. Their main dependence is agriculture, each pueblo cultivating its fields in common, usually by aid of irrigation from an adjoining stream, and producing corn and beans in many native varieties, with melons, squashes, and other vegetables, chile, tobacco, as well as peaches, introduced by the early Franciscan missionaries. The grinding of the meal upon stone metates and the baking of the bread upon heated slabs of stone occupies a large share of the woman's indoor time, while pottery and the field occupy her attention outside. The men, besides their field work, do the weaving and carving, besides procuring the wood, which must generally be brought from long distances on the backs of burros. The intervals between crop seasons is given to a succession of elaborate and spectacular ceremonials, one of which, the snake dance (q.v.) of the Hopi, has achieved a national reputation. Most of these ceremonials are of a sacred character, being either invocations or thanksgiving for the rain and the crops, and each is in the keeping of a special secret society. Family life is based upon the clan system, the number of clans being very large in proportion to the population, and the woman is the ruler of the household. The marriage ceremonial is elaborate, including feasting, processions, and dances, and only one wife is allowed. The government is by "villages rather than by tribes, each pueblo having a peace chief or governor, assisted by councilors, together with a war chief. The present number of the Pueblos is about 10,000.* Excluding the seven Hopi (Moki) villages in Arizona, with 1840 souls, and the two Mexicanized pueblos of Isleta and Senecú below El Paso, the existing inhabitated pueblos number 18, all in New Mexico, as follows: Acoma, 650; Cochiti, 300; Isleta, 1120; Jemez, 450; Laguna, with sub-pueblos of Pahuate, Paraje, Casa Blanca, and others, 1080; Nambe, 100; Picurs, 125; Sandia, 75; San Felipe, 550; San Ildefonso, 250; San Juan, 425; Santa Ana, 230; Santa Clara, 325; Santo Domingo, 1000; Sia, 125; Taos, 425; Tesuque, 100; Zuñi, 1540. They are classified by linguistic stocks as follows: Shoshonean: Mashongnivi, Shumopovi, Shupaulovi, Sichumovi, Oraibi, Walpi. Tañoan: Isleta (New Mexico), Isleta (Texas), Jemez, Nambe, Pecos (extinct), Picuris, Pojoaque (extinct), Sandia, San Ildefonso, San Juan, Santa Clara, Senecú (Chihuahua, Mexico), Taos, Tesuque, Tewa or Hano (with Hopi, Arizona). These are grouped under five cognate languages, viz.: Tano or Tigua (Isleta, New Mexico; Isleta, Texas; Sandia); Taos (Taos, Picuris); Jemez (Jemez, Pecos); Tewa or Tegua (Nambe, Pojoaque, San Juan, San Ildefonso, Santa Clara, Tesuque, Tewa or Hano); Piro (Senecú); Keresan (Acoma, Cochiti, Laguna, San Felipe, Santa Ana, Santo Domingo, Sia); Zuñian (Zuñi). See colored Plate of AMERICAN INDIANS, under INDIANS; also the accompanying plate showing a Zuñi Pueblo. PUEBLO. The second largest city of Colorado, the county-seat of Pueblo County, and an important commercial and industrial centre, 120 miles south by east of Denver (Map: Colorado, E 2). Situated in a small basin near the eastern foot-hills of the Rocky Mountains and on both sides of the Arkansas River, at the junction of the Fontaine qui Bouille, Pueblo enjoys a natural location for a great railway and business centre. Its transportation facilities comprise the Denver and Rio Grande, the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe, the Missouri Pacific, the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific, and the Colorado and Southern. The vicinity to the east is interested to a very large extent in stock-raising, and to a somewhat important degree in agriculture. Near the city are deposits of coal, limestone, and oil, and the tributary region includes very highly productive mineral districts. Pueblo is the great distributing and receiving point for this section of vast natural wealth. It has become known as the 'Pittsburg of the West,' being famous for its iron and steel, and smelting industries. There are in the city several smelters producing lead, silver, and gold, zinc, and copper; the immense plant of the Colorado Fuel and Iron Company, which manufactures various iron and steel products; foundries and machine shops, including railroad car shops; manufactories of fire-brick, glass, woolens, furniture, etc.; and large stock yards. According to the census of 1900, an aggregate capital of $12,374,000 was invested in these industries, which had a production valued at $30,795,000, the output of the lead smelting and refining works alone amounting to nearly $20,000,000. Pueblo has the McClellan Public Library, with more than 12,000 volumes; law libraries; the State Insane Asylum and several other charitable institutions; and the State Mineral Palace and Park. In the building last mentioned is a complete collection of the minerals of Colorado. The government, under a charter of 1887, is vested in a mayor, elected biennially, and a unicameral council, and in administrative officers. Fire department officials, the police judge, and city physician are elected by the council, which also confirms the mayor's nominations of police officials. The engineer, auditor, treasurer, and clerk are chosen by popular election. There are two systems of water-works, one of which is owned by the municipality. A few Mormons settled temporarily on the site of Pueblo in 1846, and about 1850 a trading post was established here, the inhabitants of which, however, were massacred by the Ute Indians in 1854. The present city was laid out in 1859 and was chartered in 1873. In 1887 Pueblo, South Pueblo, and Central Pueblo were consolidated. Population, in 1890, 24,558; in 1900, 28,157. PUELCHE, poo-ěl'châ (eastern people). A people of Araucan stock roving over the pampas region of the Rio Negro, Southern Argentina. They are so called in distinction from the cognate Moluche, or 'western people,' in and west of the Andes. Those living in the foothills of the Andes are frequently also distinguished as Pehuenche, 'pine forest people.' In language and general characteristics they differ but slightly from the others of the same stock, but are rather wilder than those of Chile, spending much of their time on horseback and seldom staying long in one place. They carry on a considerable |