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party, lost all county officers, caused it to be beaten in the State at the last election by 135,000, and which refuses to fight for principles, instanced in their abandonment of the Second Congressional District.

A resolution was adopted commending the policy of the national Administration, and pledging support to the cause of tariff reform. Efforts were made to reconcile the two factions, and the leaders of the Pennsylvania Democracy announced the withdrawal of Mr. Markley, their candidate. But the leaders on the other side repudiated the compromise, and both candidates remained in the field.

The Prohibitionists named Henry F. Morrow as their candidate, and the People's party, Victor A. Lozier.

Returns of the election gave Grow 485,804; Hancock, 297,966; Morrow, 11,180; Markley, 2,823; and Lozier, 5,327.

State officers and Representatives at Large in Congress were chosen at the November election. The Republican convention, held May 23, at Harrisburg, nominated the following: For Governor, Daniel H. Hastings; Lieutenant-Governor. Walter Lyon: Auditor General, Amos H. Mylin; Secretary of Internal Affairs, James W. Latta; Congressmen at Large, Galusha A. Grow and George F. Huff. The resolutions made the usual declaration in favor of a protective tariff, denounced the selection of a Southern Democrat for Secretary of the Interior, and the national Administration in general, and favored the expansion of the currency till it should reach an amount equal to $40 per capita; also favored bimetallism," with such restrictions and under such provisions, to be determined by legislation, as will secure and maintain the parity of values of the two metals, so that the purchasing and debt-paying power of a dollar, whether of silver, gold, or paper, shall be at all times equal"; and further the issue of national bank notes to the par value of the bonds deposited to secure circulation.

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The Democrats, in convention at Harrisburg, June 27, nominated: For Governor, William M. Singerly Lieutenant-Governor, John S. Rilling; Auditor General, David F. Magee; Secretary of Internal Affairs, Walter W. Greenland; Congressmen at Large, Hannibal K. Sloan and Joseph C. Bucher. The platform declared allegiance to the principles of the party, opposed inflation of the currency, commended the administration of Gov. Pattison, and denounced the course of the Republican majority in the State Legislature.

Judge Bucher declined the nomination, and Mr. Sloan died Aug. 11. Another convention was called for Sept. 11, and Henry Meyer and Thomas Collins were placed upon the ticket for Representatives at Large.

The Prohibitionists met at Williamsport, June 6. and nominated the following: For Governor, Charles L. Hawley; Lieutenant-Governor, Homer L. Castle: Auditor General, Charles Palmer: Secretary of Internal Affairs, L. R. Gleason; Congressmen at Large, E. K. Kane and Rev. L. G. Jordan. The platform, besides declaring for prohibition, favored a qualification of intelligence in voters and increased facilities in the public schools for higher education; decried sectarianism in the schools; denounced indis

criminate immigration as a menace to the stability of our Government, and asked that the naturalization laws be amended; opposed trusts and combinations that interfere with industrial and business interests; favored the election of the President, Vice-President, and Senators by direct vote of the people; declared for the principle of proportionate representation of all in legislative bodies, and in favor of State supervision of public roads; and that the tariff should be adjusted through a nonpartisan commission, and partisan demagogy on the tariff and other public questions ended.

The People's party, in convention May 1, nominated for Governor J. T. Ailman; Lieutenant-Governor Jerome B. Akin; Secretary of Internal Affairs, Abram Louder; Anditor General, W. M. Desher; Congressmen at Large, Victor A. Lozier and B. F. Greenman. The platform demanded a system of submitting important national and State legislation to a vote of the people, and that the President, Vice-President, United States Senators, and postmasters be elected by a direct vole; favored a graduated income and inheritance tax; urged that the State schoolbook law be amended so that the State shall publish a uniform system of text-books free to the schoolchildren of the Commonwealth; demanded that all property of the State now taxable be assessed at its cash value for State, county, and municipal purposes, and to pay an equal millage; favored State ownership and operation of coal mines, and indorsed the resolutions of the miners' convention at Columbus.

The Independent. Republicans and the Socialistic Labor Party made nominations for State offices, and there were tickets in some of the districts by the Citizens' party and Independent Democrats.

A colored voters' convention was held at New Castle, Aug. 8 and 9. The lynching of colored people in the South was denounced, and the Government was condemned for sending soldiers to Chicago in the case of the railroad riots, when it refused to do the same to suppress mobs of lynchers in the South. A resolution was carried adopting the Republican ticket.

The Republican nominees on the State ticket were all elected. For Governor, Hastings, Republican, had 574.801 votes; Singerly, Democrat, 333,404; Hawley, Prohibitionist, 23,443: Ailman, Populist, 19,484. All Representatives in Congress are Republicans except those of the Eighth and Ninth Districts, who are Democrats. The State Legislature has on joint ballot 167 Republicans and 87 Democrats.

PERSIA, an empire in central Asia. The reigning Emperor, called the Shah-in-Shah, or King of Kings, is Nasreddin, born July 18, 1831, who succeeded his father, Mohammed, in 1848. The Valiahd or heir apparent is Muzaffereddin, born March 25, 1853.

The area is estimated at 628,000 square miles. The population is about 9,000,000, including 2.500.000 nomads. Teheran, the capital, has a population of 210,000: Tauris or Tabriz has 180,000. The revenue for 1894 was estimated at 68,420,000 krans (10 krans $1). The army is stated by the Minister of War to consist of 105,500 men. are effective.

Of these not more than 60,000
There are in the arsenals 50,000

Werndl rifles, 74 Uchatius cannon of 7, 8, and 9 centimetres caliber, and from 500 to 600 old smooth-bore cannon.

The commercial products of Persia are grain, rice, gums. silk, opium, tobacco, skins, wool, carpets, cotton, and dates. The principal imports are cotton goods, glass, paper, iron, copper, sugar, and tea. The importation of cotton cloth and other manufactures from Russia is increasing. The imports of merchandise at the ports of the Persian Gulf for 1892 were valued at £2,740,936, and the exports at £1,710,592. The values of the principal exports by sea were: Opium, £661,000; pearls and pearl shells, £332,000; cotton, £122,000; tobacco, £105,000; fruits, £103,000.

The decline in the value of silver has depressed the trade of Tabriz and of the province of Khorassan, the commercial connections of which are now with Russia. The hereditary chief of Maku, in Azerbaijan, and the merchants of Meshed manifested dissatisfaction in the spring of 1894. The silver coins of Persia are of low standard, and to prevent their further depreciation the Government in March decided to close the mint to the public, and to prohibit private importation of silver.

PERU, a republic in South America. The Senate has 40 and the House of Representatives 80 members, elected for six years by the indirect vote of the departments, one third of them being renewed every two years. Remigio Morales Bermudez was elected President for the term of four years ending Aug. 10, 1894.

Area and Population. Peru has an area of 463.747 square miles. The population is estimated at 2,980,000, including 18.000 Europeans and 50,000 Chinese. There are 350,000 wild Indians. Of the civilized natives 57 per cent. consist of Indians, 23 per cent. of Cholos and Zambos, and 20 per cent. of descendants of Spaniards. Lima, the capital, had 103,956 inhabitants in 1891. Finances. The customs receipts, according to the budget, were 5,009,450 silver soles in 1894; tax receipts, 1,440,355 soles; postal and telegraph receipts, 235,752 soles; and various receipts, 317,833 soles; making the total ordinary revenue 7.003,390 soles. The extraordinary revenue was 515,757 soles, making the total revenue 7,519,147 soles. The total ordinary expenditure was calculated at 6,780,653 soles, of which the heads were: Finance and commerce, 2,754,189 soles; army and navy, 1,951,602 soles; administration, 830,682 soles; justice, 672,964 soles: legislation, 355,093 soles; foreign relations, 206,123 soles. The extraordinary expenses were 566,194 soles, making the total 7,346,846 soles.

The external loans of 1869, 1870, and 1872 amount to £32,000,000 sterling, not counting £23,000,000 of defaulted interest accumulated since 1876. A convention with the bondholders transfers to them for sixty-six years the railroads, guano deposits, mines, and lands belonging to the State. These loans have been converted into new bonds and placed in charge of the Peruvian Company, limited, of London.

Contest for the Presidency.-President Bermudez died suddenly the day before the elections for the presidency were to be held. A physical struggle with ex-President Andres Avelino Caceres, the candidate of the military party,

had been expected. The authorities had raised troops in all parts of the country to prevent the election of Dr. Valcarcel, Speaker of the lower house, under the recently enacted restricted franchise. Disturbances and bloodshed occurred in Arequipa, Chiclayo, and other places. After the death of Bermudez, Vice-President Pedro Solar and Dr. Valcarcel, the official candidate for the presidency, went into hiding, while Col. Justiniano Borgoño, the second Vice-President, assumed power at Lima and appointed the following Cabinet: Premier and Minister of Foreign Affairs, Baltasar Garcia Urrutia; Minister of War, Col. Francisco Antaya; Minister of Justice, Dr. Dulanto; Minister of the Interior, Guilliermo Ferreyros: Minister of Commerce, Augustino de la Puente. President Bermudez and the two Vice-Presidents had been chosen by Caceres when he retired from the presidency four years before, being precluded by the Constitution from succeeding himself. Señor del Solar, who had been confirmed lately as a justice of the Supreme Court by Congress, was not permitted by Caceres to become the acting President, but was superseded by Col. Borgoño, who was faithful to him still. The banking and commercial houses closed for fear of disturbances, of which, however, there were none until Vice-President del Solar constituted a rival Government toward the end of April, appointing the following ministers: Minister of Foreign Affairs, Dr. Pierola ; Minister of War, Dr. Recabarren; Minister of Finance. Dr. Billinghurst; Minister of the Interior, Dr. Valcarcel; Minister of Justice, Dr. Olaechea. Gen. Cesar Canevaro, minister at Washington, returned to Peru to take command of the troops raised to support Borgoño in the north, while Gen. Velarde and Gen. Caceres collected two corps in the interior. Borgoño issued an edict to the effect that the elections should be held on May 10, not according to the new electoral law, but under the law of 1860. Political arrests were made by wholesale. In the north the Gov. ernment of Borgoño was not recognized, and conflicts occurred between the forces and the adherents of ex-President Pierola, an exile in Chili, in whose interest Solar and Valcarcel were acting. Solar joined Pierola in Chili, and thence they directed the guerrilla war against Caceres. Gen. Caceres, who was the only candidate at the elections held on May 10, was inaugurated as President at Lima on Aug. 10. President Caceres appointed the following Cabinet: Premier and Minister of the Interior, Cesar Chacaltama; Foreign Affairs, Dr. Manuel Yrigoyen; Minister of Finance and Commerce, Nicanor Carmona; Minister of Justice and Worship, Dr. J. Salvador Cavero; Minister of War and Marine, Col. Rufino Torrico.

Meanwhile the insurgents captured Pacasmayo, Trujillo, Junin, and other towns on the coast and in the north. Troops that were sent against Gen. Seminario, the northern Pierolist leader, deserted to his standard. In a fight at Oroya 500 men were engaged; 50 Government troops were killed or wounded, and of the insurgents 70. The insurgent forces, aside from Seminario's body of 1,000 men, consisted of small, scattered guerrilla bands, which evaded the Government troops, retiring into the mountains at their approach. Teodoro Seminario's force evacuated

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Trujillo on Aug. 19. Before the end of August the Government had 6,000 men under arms. The steamer "Coya' was bought from Grace Brothers for £40,000, and was fitted out as an armed cruiser called the "Constitutional." All agricultural work, trade, and commerce was interrupted by the civil conflict. The Montaneros, as the rebels were called, seized the Oroya railroad, and when the Government sent a force of 2,000 men with Gatling guns to attack them three fourths of the troops deserted to the enemy. The rebels boarded a transport and liberated a large number of prisoners. They attempted to seize the Constitutional" by strategy, but were detected and taken prisoners. The Montaneros were armed with Winchester rifles, and they were well fed, while the Government troops received scant rations and no pay. Robberies were committed by both sides. In the south Pierolist bands assembled, but they were not strong enough to contend with the Government forces. The Chilian Government, after appealing first to the Peruvian authorities to disarm the insurgents, occupied Tacna. On Oct. 9 Gen. Osma succeeded Gen. Torrico as Minister of War. The Government made greater efforts to exterminate the insurgents. Gen. Borgoño led a large force into the north against Gen. Seminario, who evacuated Cajamarca and took to the mountains. Gen. Pierola landed near Pisco with the intention of placing himself at the head of a revolutionary army at Chincha. The Government was informed of his movements, and a large body of regulars put the revolutionists to flight. The Government endeavored to increase its revenues by decreeing that the sole should be reckoned at 30d. in levying customs duties, which were thereby augmented 30 per cent. In the beginning of November all articles previously exempt were made subject to an import duty of 8 per cent. ad valorem. There was a Cabinet crisis, which terminated on Nov. 17 in a reconstruction of the Cabinet as follows: Premier and Minister of Foreign Affairs, Dr. Manuel Yrigoyen; Minister of the Interior, Leonardo Cavero; Minister of Justice, Manuel V. Morote: Minister of Finance, Nicanor Carmona; Minister of War, Gen. Osma. PHYSICS, PROGRESS OF. IN 1894. Constitution of Matter. The Ether.-J. Larmor (London Royal Society, Dec. 7, 1893) proposes to reconcile the elasticity of the ether with its yieldingness by assuming that outside the vortices constituting matter it has a peculiar kind of elasticity called into play only by rotation. The atomic whirls would then meet with no resistance to their motion, while the ether would still be highly elastic to vibrations, provided these are rotary. Franklin and Nichols ("Physical Review," May-June) have endeavored to find whether the sudden stoppage of a rapidly rotating coil causes an electro-motive force, and find that if any part of the coil's energy depends on motion in the ether produced by its rotation this must be less than 10-17 of its entire energy.

Gravitation.-A. S. Mackenzie ("Johns Hopkins University Circular") has measured the gravitational attraction of a crystal for a particle along various axes to see whether it would vary as do the velocity of light, conductivity, and other

physical quantities. His results show no such variation.

Fluidity of Solids.-Dewar (London Chemical Society, June 7) finds that some other substances besides metals have the property of flowing under pressure, while still others do not possess it at all. Crystalline sodium sulphate, sal ammoniac, graphite, and urea flow easily at 30 to 40 tons to the square inch, while starch and salt refuse to flow even at 60 tons. W. Spring (Belgian Royal Academy) concludes that at a certain temperature, where a metal still appears to be a perfect solid, some of its molecules attain a state of vibration corresponding to the liquid state, and thus, by softening the body, make it capable of being welded and of forming alloys. He has welded metals kept for three to twelve hours at a temperature of 200° to 400° C., the best joints being produced with gold, lead, and tin, and the worst with bismuth and antimony. The more crystalline the bodies are, the less do they show this phenomenon. The occurrence of this incipient liquefaction was proved by submitting copper, on which a delicate spiral had been cut, to a temperature of 400° C. for eight hours; at the expiration of this time the spiral had disappeared and the surface looked as if just fused by the blowpipe. Alloys also were formed at the same temperatures.

Mechanics. Elasticity.-J. O. Thompson ("Physical Review," March-April) finds that a fatigue exists in the elasticity of stretching analogous to that shown by Lord Kelvin in the elasticity of torsion. In a more extended research (ibid., May-June) he finds that it follows the same laws. The fatigues in copper, silver, and brass are nearly as 7:3:2 for the torsion and as 4:3:2 for tension. The temperature coefficient for both in all 3 metals is about 3. Mary Noyes (American Association, 1894) finds that in the case of a piano wire Young's modulus is lessened by heat and also by the passage of an electric current. Magnetism has no effect.

Attraction exerted by a Vibrating Disk. Berson and Juppont (Paris Academy of Science, Nov. 27, 1893) have measured the attraction between a steel disk vibrated electro-magnetically and a mica disk near it. The attraction is due to the motion of the surrounding air, as has been previously established. It varied from 602-3 dynes at a distance of 1 mm. to 2:55 dynes at 10 mm. To produce the same force electrostatically a potential difference of 600 volts would be required.

Liquids. Solution.-H. C. Jones ("Physical Review," September-October) has investigated the solution tension of metals-that is, the pressure which, according to Van't Hoff's theory, their molecules must exert in a solvent to bring about solution. The chief point brought out is that the solution tension of silver is not a constant for all solvents of its salts, but depends on the nature of the solvent. The same will probably be found true for other metals. Le Chatelier (Paris Academy of Science, March 19) deduces mathematically the fact that if latent heat of solution were independent of temperature and concentration, the normal curve of solubility of any given substance would be the same in all solv

ents.

Crystallization.-Pictet (Paris Academy of

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