second year, of the second class at the expiration of the fourth year, and of the third class at the expiration of the sixth year, so that onethird may be chosen every second year; and Vacancies, if vacancies happen by resignation or other- how filled. wise, during the recess of the Legislature of any State, the Executive thereof may make temporary appointments, until the next meeting of the Legislature, which shall then fill such vacancies.

No person shall be a Senator who shall not Qualification have attained to the age of thirty years, and of Senators. been nine years a citizen of the United States,

and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen.

The Vice President of the United States shall Vice President be President of the Senate, but shall have no to preside. vote, unless they be equally divided.

Senate.

The Senate shall choose their other officers, Officers of and also a President pro tempore, in the absence of the Vice President, or when he shall exercise the office of President of the United States.

The Senate shall have the sole power to try Trial of imall impeachments: when sitting for that purpose, peachments. they shall be on oath or affirmation. When the President of the United States is tried the Chief Justice shall preside: and no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds of the members present.

Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not Judgment on extend farther than to removal from office, and impeachment; disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of

honor, trust or profit under the United States:
but the party convicted shall nevertheless be Effect of..
liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment
and punishment, according to law.

held.

SECTION IV.

Elections, The times, places and manner of holding when and how elections for Senators and Representatives, shall be prescribed in each State by the Legislature thereof; but the Congress may at any time by law make or alter such regulations, except as to the places of choosing Senators.

Congress assemble annu

ally.

Elections, how judged.

Quorum.

The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by law appoint a different day.

SECTION V.

Each House shall be the judge of the elections, returns and qualifications of its own members, and a majority of each shall constitute a quorum to do business; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may Absent mem- be authorized to compel the attendance of absent members, in such manner and under such penalties as each House may provide.

bers.

Rules.

Expulsion.

Journals to be

lished.

Each House may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its members for disorderly behavior, and with the concurrence of two-thirds expel a member.

Each House shall keep a journal of its prokept and pub-ceedings, and from time to time publish the same, excepting such parts as may in their Yeas and nays. judgment require secrecy; and yeas and nays of the members of either House on any question shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those present, be entered on the journal.

Adjourn

ments.

Neither House, during the session of Congress shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which the two Houses shall be sitting.

SECTION VI.

The Senators and Representatives shall re- Compensaceive a compensation for their services, to be tion. ascertained by law, and paid out of the Treasury of the United States. They shall in all cases Privileges. except treason, felony and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at the session of their respective Houses, and in going to or returning from the same; and for any speech or debate in either House, they shall not be questioned in any other place.

office.

No Senator or Representative shall, during Members not the time for which he was elected, be appointed appointed to to any civil office under the authority of the United States, which shall have been created, or the emoluments whereof shall have been increased during such time; and no person hold- Officers of Government ing any office under the United States shall be cannot be a member of either House during his continu- members. ance in office,

SECTION VII.

All bills for raising revenue shall originate in Revenue bills. the House of Representatives; but the Senate

may propose, or concur with, amendments, as on other bills.

President.

over them.

Every bill which shall have passed the House Bills to be preof Representatives and the Senate, shall, before sented to the it become a law, be presented to the President of the United States; if he approve he shall His powers sign it, but if not he shall return it, with his objections, to that House in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the objections at large on their journal and proceed to recon- Proceedings sider it. If after such reconsideration twothirds of that House shall agree to pass the

on his veto.

bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other House, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two-thirds of that House, it shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes of both Houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the journal of each Bills to be laws House respectively. If any bill shall not be reif not returned turned by the President within ten days (Sunin ten days. days excepted), after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by their adjournment prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law.

Joint orders or

Every order, resolution, or vote to which resolutions to the concurrence of the Senate and House of be approved by President. Representatives may be necessary (except on a question of adjournment) shall be presented to the President of the United States; and before the same shall take effect, shall be approved by him, or, being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two-thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the rules and limitations prescribed in the case of a bill.

SECTION VIII.

The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts and excises, to pay the debts and provide for the common defence and general welfare of the United States; but all duties, imposts and excises shall be uniform throughout the United States;

To borrow money on the credit of the United States;

To regulate commerce with foreign nations,

and among the several States, and with the Indian tribes;

To establish a uniform rule of naturalization, Naturalizaand uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies tion. throughout the United States;

Bankruptcy. To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and Coin money. of foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights Weights and

and measures;

measures.

To provide for the punishment of counterfeit- Counterfeiting the securities and current coin of the United ing. States;

To establish post offices and post roads;

Post roads.

To promote the progress of science and useful Promote arts arts, by securing for limited times to authors and and science. inventors the exclusive right to their respective

writings and discoveries;

To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Inferior Court;

courts.

To define and punish piracies and felonies Piracies, &c. committed on the high seas and offences against

the law of nations;

and make cap

To declare war, grant letters of marque and Declare war, reprisal, and make rules concerning captures on tures. land or water;

To raise and support armies, but no appropria- Raise armies. tion of money to that use shall be for a longer

term than two years;

Navy.

To provide and maintain a navy; To make rules for the government and regu- Rules and arlation of the land and naval forces;

ticles of war.

To provide for calling forth the militia to exe- Call out milicute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrec- tia. tions and repel invasions;

To provide for organizing, arming, and disci- Organize and plining the militia, and for governing such part govern militia. of them as may be employed in the service of the United States, reserving to the States respectively, the appointment of the officers, and tia.

Officers mili