idents Duke Ujest and Herr von Bennigsen, were reelected. The Poles in this Parliament counted only ten members. In Schleswig, in consequence of the restitution of the four electoral districts, the Danes carried their candidate only in the first district (by 13,955 to 1,939 votes). In the second district, which at the election for the first Parliament had elected a Dane, the German candidate was elected by a majority of 8,573 to 7,618 votes. In the whole of Schleswig the Danish party got more votes than the German, the actual number being 25,598 votes for the Danish and 24,664 for the German candidates.

The second (or first legislative) session of the North-German Parliament was opened by the King of Prussia on September 10th. The King, in his opening speech, thus referred to the proclamation of the Federal constitution and the relations with the South-German states:

The constitution of the North-German Confederation has in a constitutional manner become law in all the Federal states. The Federal Council has entered upon its functions, and to-day I herewith, with joyful confidence, bid welcome, in my name and the name of my illustrious allies, to the first Parliament assembled on the basis of the Federal constitution. Immediately after the promulgation of the Federal constitution an important step was taken toward regulating the national relations of the Confederation with the states of South Germany. The German sentiments of the allied Governments have created for the Zollverein a new basis corresponding with the altered circumstances, and a treaty concluded on that account, and approved by the Federal Council, will be laid before you.

The Parliament almost unanimously agreed to the Zollverein treaties and to the budget. The bill respecting the nationality of merchant vessels was adopted with some modifications, paragraph 2 being altered so as to provide that only ships that belong exclusively to NorthGerman subjects shall be entitled to carry the Federal flag. The bill respecting liability to military service was amended so as to provide that every citizen of the Confederation should be liable to serve without the option of finding a substitute, excepting in the case of members of reigning families, as well as of the houses of mediatized princes, and of those who formerly possessed the prerogatives of the states of the empire, or who were freed by special treaties or special rights from liability to do military service. Another amendment (to paragraph 6), which was adopted, notwithstanding the opposition of Count Bismarck, confers the right upon the commanderin-chief to increase the army as far as necessary. Thus amended, the bill was adopted October 19th by a large majority. The postal bill was passed, with an amendment of Herr Wiggers upon the inviolability of letters, which was adopted by 135 against 94 votes. The Government at first opposed the amendment, but gave its consent after the above vote of Parliament,, when the whole bill was adopted unanimously. The bill abolishing the restriction on working men's coalitions was passed. The bill upon

freedom of settlement was adopted as framed by the committee, with some slight modifications. The Parliament also passed a resolution calling upon the Federal chancellor to introduce next session a measure relating to trade, based upon free-trade principles; and another resolution asking for the presentation of a bill respecting the inviolability of domicile. The bill upon the rates of postage in North Germany was adopted with some amendments, including one proposed by Herr Evelt, which required the conclusion of an arrangement with the South-German states for the establishment of the same postal rates as in North Germany. The sitting of Parliament was closed by the King of Prussia on October 26th, by a speech, in which he expressed the greatest satisfaction with its work.

On June 3d a conference was opened at Berlin with the ministers of the four states of South Germany, to deliberate upon the basis of a reorganization of the Zollverein. The following stipulations were, on June 4th, agreed

to:

The treaties of the Zollverein concluded on the 16th May, 1865, for a period of twelve years, remain in force. The Southern states give up their power of veto; the customs' legislation henceforth belongs to the Federal Council of the Northern Confederation, to which the Southern states will send thirteen plenipotentiaries, in the following proportions: Bavaria, 6; Wurtemberg, 4; Baden, 3; and Hesse-Darmstadt, 2; the Southern states will also be represented in the Reichstag, to which it will send 86 deputies, chosen according to the electoral law of that Confederation, as follows: By Bavaria, 48; Wurtemberg, 18; Bacerning the important modifications of the tariffs of den, 14; Hesse-Darmstadt, 6. The proposals confundamental institutions of the Zollverein will be first discussed by the Federal Council. If there is a divergency of opinion, the vote of Prussia will be decisive in the event of its being given for the mainteZollverein abandon the privileges which some of nance of the existing dispositions. The states of the them have hitherto enjoyed. Those of Southern Germany consent to establish on their territories the tax on tobacco, which, according to the constitution of the North, will be established also in the Northern states. After the ratification of these preliminaries, the general conference of the Zollverein, consisting of representatives of Prussia, Bavaria, Wurtemberg, Baden, Hesse-Darmstadt, Saxony, and the states of draw up, on the bases put forward, the new treaty Thuringen and Oldenburg, will assemble at Berlin to constituting the German Zollverein.

The preliminaries having been ratified by the South-German states, the general conference of the Zollverein assembled at Berlin on June 26th, in accordance with the provision agreed upon on June 4th for drawing up the new treaty constituting the German Zollverein. The new treaty having received the sanction of all the South-German Diets, the exchange of ratifications took place at Berlin, on October 30th, with Baden and Hesse-Darmstadt, and in the first days of November with Bavaria and Wurtemberg.

III. The South-German States.-The popula tion of these states, according to the census of 1864, was as follows:

Hesse-Darmstadt (except the province of Upper Hesse, which forms part of the North-German Confederation)..

Total.

Population. 4,774,464 1,748,328 1,429,199

564,465 8,516,456 The idea of establishing a South-German Confederation was abandoned by the governments of all these states; but their views concerning their relations to the North-German Confederation considerably differed. The Grand-duke of Baden, on opening the Diet of the grand-duchy on September 5th, officially announced that it was his firm determination to bring about a national union of the South-German states with the North-German Confederation, and to that end he as well as his people would willingly make the sacrifices inseparably connected with their entry into the union. This opinion was supported by nearly all the members of the Diet. In Hesse-Darmstadt, the Second Chambers, by 32 against 15 votes, adopted a resolution advocating the entry of the whole of the grand-duchy into the North-German Confederation, but the Government declared that it was impossible to execute this resolution. The Governments of Bavaria and Wurtemberg were in favor of a faithful execution of the treaties concluded with Prussia, but did not wish to proceed further.

On February 3d a conference began at Stuttgardt of representatives of the four South-German states for the purpose of discussing the introduction of a uniform militia organization of the South-German states. The conference was held upon an invitation from Bavaria, and was closed on February 5th. The following resolutions were agreed upon as the basis for further military arrangements.

1. The representatives here assembled recognize it as a national necessity to organize the defensive forces of their countries in such a manner as to admit of common action commanding respect.

2. They therefore agree, reserving the constitutional cooperation of their estates, to increase their military forces as largely as possible upon a system similar in principle to that of Prussia, which will render them fitted for upholding the national integrity in common with the remainder of Germany. 3. The principles of this system, common to all the four states, shall be:-a. The principle of general liability according to which the entire capable male population is summoned under arms without admission of substitutes. b. The time of service, save where the recruit joins voluntarily earlier, begins with the completion of the 20th year and in no case later than with the completion of the 21st year. c. After expiry of the three years' term of active service the men join the war reserve of their division, with liability to be employed in the line in time of war. d. The principle of the Prussian system is met by a strength amounting in the standing army (line and war reserve) to about 2 per cent, of the population, of which, upon the average, one-half-that is, 1 per cent.-constitutes the actual effective force." The four Governments will endeavor to reach these percentages as nearly as possible, but will in no case admit a percentage lower than a minimum of 1 per cent. for the general strength of the standing army,

and of per cent. for the actual effective force. e. After expiry of the time of service in the standing army, the men shall enter the reserve battalions (first ban of the Landwehr) to be constituted according to administrative (Landwehr) districts, with short periods of drill in time of peace, and employment equally with the line in war. f. Time of service in the standing army and in the reserve battalions (Landwehr) shall end at latest with the completion of the 32d year. g. Arrangements as to further service in the

second ban of the Landwehr and in the Landsturm do not come within the scope of the present deliberations. h. Marriages and emigration are not permitted during the three years' time of active service. . Due provision shall be made for the supply of capable non-commissioned officers.

4. With regard to the organization of their armies, the assembled representatives recognize the principle

that each of the forces shall be so subdivided and equipped as may be essential for their common action together and with the remainder of Germany. 6. Determination with regard to the fortresses of Ulm and Rastadt is postponed until the close of the negotiations as to the division of Federal property, which are to be forwarded as greatly as possible.

Resolution 5 details the basis upon which the aforesaid common action is to be founded. These may be briefly stated as unity of drill and similarity of tactical formation, unity of arins and ammunition, similarity in the practice of manœuvres upon a large scale, and equality of education for officers.

On December 7th a conference of military representatives from the South-German states was held at Munich. At this conference a general desire was displayed for the loyal execution of the resolutions passed at the conference held in February at Stuttgardt. These were for the common introduction, as far as possible, of the fundamental principles of the Prussian military system, so as to provide for the South-German states being equally ready with the troops of the Bund to take the field. The regulations necessary for this purpose are expected to be shortly issued. With regard to the question of the fortresses, the conference came to an understanding in principle, although obstacles to practical measures still exist.

GIBSON, WILLIAM, D. D., an Irish Presbyterian clergyman and professor, born in Ballymena, Ireland, in 1809; died of apoplexy, near Rathmines, one of the suburbs of Dublin, June 8, 1867. After enjoying the advantages of the schools of his native town, he completed his collegiate and theological training at the University of Edinburgh, being a pupil of Dr. Chalmers in theology. He returned to Ireland, of the Presbyterian Church at Balletray, in while yet a stripling, and was ordained minister County Monaghan, but after a short time accepted an invitation to become the assistant and eventually the successor of the late Dr. Hanna, of Rosemary-Street Church, Belfast. Here he continued in the pastorate for nearly thirty years, holding for a part of that time the professorship of Moral Philosophy in the Presbyterian College at Belfast, for which eventually he relinquished the pastorate. A few years since he visited the United States as a delegate from the Irish Presbyterian General Assembly,

and attracted much attention by his genial and gentle manners, his profound culture, and his eloquence in the defence of Protestant and Evangelical principles. He was for many years a correspondent of the New York Observer. He was at the time of his death in attendance upon the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church of Ireland, and after attending one of its protracted sessions was on his way to the residence of the gentleman with whom he was staying, near midnight, when he was seized with apoplexy in the street, and was not found till morning, and died a few minutes after he was discovered.

GILMORE, JOSEPH ATHERTON, a former Governor of New Hampshire, born at Weston, Vt., in 1811; died at Concord, N. H., April 17, 1867. His early life was spent on a farm in Vermont, but at the age of fifteen he went to Boston, obtained a situation in a grocery-store, and after he had reached his majority, commenced business on his own account. He became interested in railroads very early, both as a builder and a manager, and through these and his mining interests eventually acquired a large fortune. He was elected to the New Hampshire State Senate in 1858, and again in 1859, and the latter year was president of the Senate. In 1863 he was elected Governor of the State, and reëlected in 1864. His administration was marked by ability and patriotism. At the close of his second term he retired to private life, and to the management of his extensive business. He had suffered from severe illness for many months before his death.

GOODELL, WILLIAM, D. D., an American Congregationalist clergyman and missionary, the translator of the Scriptures into the ArmenoTurkish language, born in Templeton, Mass., February 14, 1792; died in Philadelphia, February 18, 1867. His parents were intelligent and eminently godly; but they were in very straitened circumstances, and were unable to aid their sons, of whom three subsequently became clergymen, in obtaining a collegiate education. Such, however, were the energy and resolution of the future missionary, that at the age of fifteen years, though in feeble health, he went from his home, sixty miles on foot, carrying his trunk on his back, to enter Phillips Academy. The same energy and determination marked his character in all the subsequent difficulties which he encountered and overcame in his preparation for college, his collegiate career at Dartmouth, where he graduated in 1817, and the theological course at Andover, which he completed in 1820. Immediately after leaving the seminary he was accepted as a missionary by the American Board, and travelled for a time as their agent for raising funds in New England and in the Middle and Southwestern States, visiting also the Cherokee and Choctaw Missions of the Board, east of the Mississippi. Everywhere he made a favorable impression on the churches. He was ordained to the missionary work at New Haven, Conn., September 12,

1822; was married November 19, of the same year, to Miss Abigail P. Davis, of Holden, Mass., who survives him; and December 9, 1822, sailed for Malta, where his friend Rev. Daniel Temple had preceded him the year before. In November, 1823, in company with Rev. Mr. Bird, another missionary of the Board, and his wife, Mr. and Mrs. Goodell arrived in Beirut, which thenceforward became one of the missionary stations of the American Board. He remained there about five years, where he passed through great perils, the town being plundered and devastated, his own house sacked by the Bedouin Arabs, and his life threatened. He removed to Constantinople in 1831, where he passed through other perils, his house and every thing it contained being destroyed in one of the general conflagrations, Dr. Goodell and his family escaping only with their lives, the very clothing which they wore being several times on fire, owing to the intense heat of the flames by which they were surrounded. Often during his residence at Constantinople they passed in safety through the dangers of the plague, at one time as many as fifteen hundred dying daily around them. He found himself obliged, from pestilence, persecutions, the extortions of landlords, war, etc., to pack up, and move his residence thirty-three times in twentynine years! The great work of his life, which he began at Malta, and to which he devoted the greater part of his time for fifteen years before its first completion for publication, was the translation of the Scriptures out of the original Hebrew and Greek into the ArmenoTurkish language. The Old Testament was completed November 6, 1841, and the New Testament within the two years following. Though the translation was pronounced by competent authorities an excellent one, he saw the necessity for its revision, and after many years of additional toil completed that labor in February, 1863. Having become enfeebled by age and his long residence in the East, and his abundant labors there, his constitution never having been strong, Dr. Goodell returned, in 1865, to the United States, and took up his residence with his son William Goodell, M. D., in Philadelphia. Here he occupied himself with works of usefulness, and his death, though sudden and unexpected, was eminently peaceful and beautiful. Dr. Goodell was a man of remarkable intellectual ability; affable and courteous in his manners, of ready tact, and abounding in resistless pleasantry and quickness at repartee, he could and did mould and influence not only the conversation but the thoughts of those whom he met in society into such channels as would best subserve his purpose of doing good. As a preacher and writer he was remarkable for the freshness, brevity, and force of his expressions, for his abundant and appropriate Scripture illustrations, and the touches of nature that went directly to the hearts of his hearers and readers. His "Reminiscences of the Missionary's Early Life," published in the New York

Observer, but which he did not live to complete, have been pronounced by competent literary critics unequalled in our language for chaste and beautiful simplicity and quiet pathos.

GREAT BRITAIN, or the UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. Area by the latest surveys, 120,879 English square miles. Population, by the census of 1861, 29,321,288. Government, constitutional monarchy. Queen, Victoria I., born 1819, crowned 1838. Heirapparent, Albert Edward, born November, 1841, married March, 1863, to the Princess Alexandra, eldest daughter of the present King of Denmark. The Cabinet, which is the actual governing power of the nation in most particulars, was during the year professedly Conservative, being that which assumed office July 6, 1866, though a few changes in its subordinate members were made in the course of the year. It consisted, in the summer of 1867, of the Earl of Derby, Premier, and First Lord of the Treasury; Lord Chelmsford, Lord High Chancellor; the Duke of Marlborough, Lord President of the Council; the Earl of Malmesbury, Lord Privy Seal; Right Hon. Benjamin Disraeli, Chancellor of the Exchequer; Right Hon. Gathorne Hardy, Secretary of State; Lord Stanley (eldest son of the Earl of Derby), Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs; the Duke of Buckingham, Secretary of State for the Colonies, Sir Stafford Northcote, Secretary of State for India; Right Hon. Sir John Pakington, Secretary of State for War; Right Hon. Henry Thomas Lowry Corry, First Lord of the Admiralty; the Duke of Richmond, President of the Board of Trade; the Duke of Montrose, Postmaster-General; Right Hon. Colonel John Wilson Patten, Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, and the Earl of Devon, President of the Poor-Law Board.

The Alabama claims of the United States still remained unsettled at the close of the year, though there had been considerable diplomatic correspondence in regard to them, between Lord Stanley and Secretary Seward, through the ministers of the two countries; a better and more conciliatory spirit, on the part of the British secretary, was manifested in the later portions of the correspondence, the influence, perhaps, in part, of the change of circumstances in the two nations; arbitration, which the former administration had refused, was now proposed by Lord Stanley, but with the reservation that the rightfulness of the Queen's recognition of the so-called Southern Confederacy as belligerents should not be among the matters submitted for arbitration. This condition the American secretary refused to accept, and the correspondence for the time was closed, though with a fair prospect of the eventual adjustment of the difficulty. (See DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE.)

The Fenians were throughout the year a constant source of anxiety and alarm to the British Government. Their attempts to obtain possession of some portions of Canada were not repeated, the watchfulness of the American Government

having prevented any such action; but in England and Ireland there was a constant succession of alarms, from the uprising of small bodies of the Irish adherents of Fenianism, either to obtain possession of armories and deposits of ammunition, to rescue some of their men who had been taken prisoners, to capture and hold strong positions, or to destroy prisons, etc., in which some of their men had been confined, and to make demonstrations on account of the execution of such as had been tried for riot and murder. From the 11th of February, 1867, when the first movement to attack and capture the castle of Chester, the plot for which was prematurely disclosed by an accomplice, up to the close of the year, the repetition of these Fenian outbreaks occurred almost every week. A number of these were accompanied with bloodshed. On the 13th of February a party of about 800 Fenians assembled at Cahirciveen, County Kerry, Ireland, attacked and sacked a coast-guard station at Kells, shot a mounted policeman, cut the telegraph-wires, and, being pursued, retreated to the mountains. On the 5th of March they appeared in considerable force near Cork; at Tallaght, near Dublin, where there were 200 of them, who had a conflict with the police, and five of the Fenians were wounded and eighty-five taken prisoners; at Drogheda, where a thousand of them fought with the police for the possession of the market-house, and 40 were taken prisoners; at Kilmulloch, where they attacked the police station, three of them being killed and fourteen taken prisoners; at Dennore near Kilrush; and at Holy Cross. Some of these prisoners were tried at Dublin in April and May, and two of the leaders sentenced to death, and the remainder to various terms of imprisonment. sentence of the leaders was subsequently commuted to penal servitude. Ireland was still in a ferment, and the constabulary force made numerous arrests during the summer months. On the 18th of September a daring attack was made in Manchester on the police van which was conveying two Fenians to jail: about fifty men assembled, many of them armed with revolvers, shot the horses, knocked the driver from his seat, dispersed the policemen who were guarding the van, shot the policeman inside, broke open the van and released the prisoners, who made their escape. Twenty-three of those engaged in this attack were arrested, and on the 5th of October committed for trial. Five, viz., Allen, Larkin, Gould, Maguire, and Shore, were found guilty, and sentenced to death. Two of these, Maguire and Shore, were subsequently pardoned through the intervention of the American consul, it being proved that they had been convicted on false testimony; the other three, Allen, Larkin, and Gould, were executed on the 23d of November. Of the other eighteen prisoners, a part proved an alibi, and others were convicted, but sentence deferred. On the 13th of December a portion of the wall of Clerkenwell Prison was blown up by gun

The

powder, and a number of lives were lost. This outrage was attributed to the Fenians, but some of their leaders denied all knowledge of it. Other crimes were rife at the close of the year, and frequent arrests were made. (See FENIANISM.) The question of Parliamentary Reform attracted great interest during the first half of the year. The Conservative Administration were at first loth to introduce a reform bill into Parliament; but the popular pressure was so great, and the excitement in the large cities so intense, that they were compelled to do so. The bill at first introduced was very unsatisfactory, but was amended repeatedly, and finally passed in its modified form on the 15th of July, with the sanction of Mr. Disraeli, the Government leader in the House, though not without the resignation of several members of the Cabinet, from dissatisfaction with its provisions. It passed the House of Lords August 6th, and was approved by the Queen August 15th. Its design is to extend the suffrage to every man whose earnings amount to from £100 to £120 per year, and will add about 800,000 voters. Its provisions do not, however, take effect till 1869.

Theodore, an Abyssinian prince, who styled himself King of the Kings of Abyssinia, seized, in 1865, some British subjects, and without any offence on their part held them close prisoners, and it is supposed still holds them. The British Government tried by every means in its power to obtain their release, but Theodore being obstinate they were at last compelled to send a military expedition, to compel him to give them up. The enterprise, when finally undertaken, assumed much larger proportions than were at first expected. Troops were sent from England, and others brought from Bombay. The first transports sailed from England on the 14th of September. At the close of the year the troops had advanced some distance from the coast of the Red Sea, but had not as yet encountered any of Theodore's followers. (See ABYSSINIA.)

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STATISTICS OF THE UNITED KINGDOM.-I. FINANCES: 1. Revenue and Expenditure. The gross revenue for the year ending March 31, 1867, was £69,434,567 15s. 9d. $336,063,308. The gross expenditure for the same period was £67,230,395 18s. 6d. $325,395,116.24. Of the revenue, customs yielded £22,303,000 = $97,946,520; excise, £20,670,000 $100,042,800; stamps, £9,420,000 $45,592,800; taxes (land and assessed), £3,468,000 $16,785,120; property tax (corresponding to our income tax), £5,700,000 = $27,588,000; post-office, £4,470,000 $21,634,800; crown lands (net), £330,000 = $1,597,200; miscellaneous items, £3,073,567 15s. 9d. = $14,874,858.06.

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miscellaneous charges); £38,834,287 9s. 10d., = $187,957,952.44, was for the supply service, including the army and navy (which together absorbed two-thirds of it), miscellaneous civil services, salaries, etc., of the customs, inland revenue, and post-office, the post-office packetservice, and the marriage-portion (£30,000 = $145,200) of the Princess Helena; and £450,000, $2,178,000, was for special expenses of fortifications provided for the previous year. Mr. Disraeli's estimates for the year ending March 31, 1868, were, revenue, £69,340,000 $335,605,600, and expenditure £68,134,000 $329,768,560.

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The principal of the national debt stood, on the 31st of March, 1867, at £777,497,804 $3,763,089,371.36, being a decrease of about £4,000,000 from the previous year.

The total army of the United Kingdom during the year 1867-'68 consisted of 139,163 men, divided as follows: officers on the general staff, 75; regiments of the general army, having 6,509 commissioned and 12,107 non-commissioned officers, and 108,858 rank and file; depots of Indian regiments, including horse artillery, cavalry, royal artillery, and infantry, 392 commissioned and 974 non-commissioned officers, and 8,412 rank and file; recruiting and other establishments, 132 commissioned and 267 non-commissioned officers, and 76 rank and file; and training-schools, having 32 commissioned, 236 non-commissioned officers, and 10 rank and file. Besides these, the British army in India comprises 65,287 men, of whom 3,615 were commissioned, 5,306 non-commissioned officers, and 56,366 rank and file. The total volunteer force enrolled was 162,681; of which 662 were light horse, 23,363 artillery, 2,904 engineers, 656 mounted rifles, and 134,096 rifle volunteers. The number of unenrolled militia, to be called up for twenty-one days' training, is stated at 128,971, but large deductions are to be made for absentees. The expenditure for military service for 1867-'68 is estimated at £14,752,200 = $71,400,648. There are two military schools: the Royal Military Academy at Woolwich, and the Royal Military College at Sandhurst, besides regimental and garrison schools and libraries. There is also a Royal Military Asylum at Chelsea, the Royal Hibernian Military School at Dublin, a Department for the Instruction of Artillery Officers, and the Military Medical School. The total charge for all of them is £172,201 $833,452.84. II. NAVY.-There were in commission at the beginning of the year 152 sea-going vessels, all steamers, of which 4 were line-of-battle ships, 16 iron-clads, 34 frigates and corvettes, and 98 sloops-of-war and smaller vessels. Of gunnery and training ships, stationary, receiving and depot ships, including royal yachts, surveying vessels, troop-ships, store-ships, drill-ships, and tenders, there were 41 sailing-vessels and 57 steamers. There were also 10 steamers of the coast-guard service, and 41 sailing-vessels and 18 steamers employed as tenders; making

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