ated at Amherst in 1865, and then spent two years at the University of Göttingen, receiving the degree of Ph. D. in 1869. On his return to the United States he became instructor in geology and zoology in Amherst, and in 1872 was appointed professor of these branches. Dr. Emerson is a member of several scientific societies at home and abroad, and has contributed valuable geological papers to scientific journals. EMERSON, Brown, clergyman, b. in Ashby, Mass., 8 Jan., 1778; d. in Salem, Mass., 25 July, 1872. He was graduated at Dartmouth in 1802, received the degree of D. D. from that college in 1835, and at his death was its oldest graduate. After studying theology in Hancock, N. H., he was ordained, on 14 April, 1805, as Dr. Daniel Hopkins's colleague in the pastorate of the old South church, Salem, where he remained till his death, a period of sixty-seven years, being sole pastor from 1816 till 1849. Dr. Emerson was an able and vigorous preacher, and published various sermons, addresses, and orations, including a sermon on the fiftieth anniversary of his ordination. EMERSON, Charles Franklin, educator. b. in Chelmsford, Mass., 28 Sept., 1843. He was graduated at Dartmouth in 1868, becoming at once instructor in gymnastics, and also instructor in mathematics in the agricultural department. In 1869 he became instructor in mathematics in the college proper, and in 1872 associate professor of natural philosophy, succeeding in 1878 to full possession of that chair. His work has consisted largely in the development of the physical laboratory in Dartmouth, for which purpose he travelled extensively through Europe during 1883-4. He is a fellow of the American association of the advancement of science, and is an cccasional contributor to scientific literature. EMERSON, Charles Noble, lawyer, b. in Williamstown, Mass., 6 Feb., 1821; d. in New York city, 15 April, 1869. He was graduated at Williams in 1840, studied law and was admitted to the bar there, and served in the civil war, advancing to the rank of major of volunteers. He delivered a poem before the alumni of Williams college in 1860. He was appointed assessor of internal revenue in Massachusetts in 1865, and published a "Handbook of the Internal Revenue" (Springfield, 1868). EMERSON, George Barrell, educator, b. in Kennebunk, Me., 12 Sept., 1797; d. in Newton, Mass., 14 March, 1881. He was graduated at Harvard in 1817, and soon afterward took charge of an academy in Lancaster, Mass. He was tutor in mathematics and natural philosophy in Harvard in 1819-21, and in the latter year was chosen principal of the English high-school for boys in Boston, after declining the professorship of mathematics in Harvard. In 1823 he opened a private school for girls in the same city, and conducted it until 1855, when he retired from professional life. In 1831 he assisted in organizing the Boston society of natural history, of which he became president in 1837. He was instrumental in getting the legislature to authorize the geological survey of the state, and took charge with Dr. Dewey of the botanical department of the survey, under appointment from Gov. Everett. Mr. Emerson was also president of the American institute of instruction, and aided in securing the establishment of the state board of education. He passed forty years of his life in teaching, thirty-four of which were spent in Boston. He received the degree of LL. D. from Harvard in 1859, and was a member and associate of many learned bodies. He wrote the second part of the "School and School-master" (New York, 1842), of which the first part was written by Bishop Potter, of Pennsylvania. A copy of this work was placed in every school in the states of New York and Massachusetts. He was also the author of several lectures on education, and a contributor to various periodicals, and published a "Report on the Trees and Shrubs growing naturally in the Forests of Massachusetts" (Boston, 1846); a " Manual of Agriculture" (1861); and Reminiscences of an Old Teacher" (1878).' 66 EMERSON, Gouverneur, physician, b. in Kent county, Del., in 1796; d. 2 July, 1874. He was graduated in medicine at the University of Pennsylvania in 1816, and began practice in Philadelphia in 1820, but spent many years in retirement on a farm, where he devoted himself to peach-culture, and gave much attention to the subject of fertilizers. He wrote extensively on the subject of vital statistics, and contributed to the "American Journal of the Medical Sciences," in 1827-'48, tables of the mortality of Philadelphia from 1807 till 1848, showing, among other things, the excessive mortality of males during childhood. He also adapted Cuthbert W. Johnson's Farmers and Planters' Encyclopædia of Rural Life" (London. 1842) to the United States (Philadelphia, 1853), and published a translation of Le Play's treatise on the Organization of Labor." He also contributed numerous scientific papers to the proceedings of the American philosophical society, of which he became a member in 1833. 46 EMERSON, James E., machinist, b. in Maine, 2 Nov., 1823. His youth was spent in farming and working in saw-mills, and he was a carpenter in Bangor for several years. In 1850 he removed to Lewiston, where he established a manufactory for making wood-working machinery, and while engaged in this business made his first invention. This was a machine for boring, turning, and cutting the heads on the spools or bobbins that are used in cotton factories, and did the same work that formerly required three machines. In 1852 he removed to California, where he was first employed as superintendent of a saw-mill, and afterward became a proprietor of mills in various counties of that state. Here he proved the advantages of circular saws with movable teeth. For several years he was occupied in the introduction of his new saws, but subsequently returned to the east and manufactured edge tools in Trenton, N. J., receiving large contracts for swords and sabres from the government during the civil war. He afterward became the superintendent of the American saw company, which was organized to manufacture his circular saws with movable teeth. A circular saw 88 inches in diameter, and costing $2,000, was exhibited by this company at the Paris exposition of 1867. Among his miscellaneous inventions are a combined anvil, shears, and punching machine (1866), and a swage for spreading saw-teeth to a uniform width and shape, and cutting the edge at a single operation. He EMERSON, John Smith, missionary, b. in Chester, N. H., 28 Dec., 1800; d. in Waialua, Oahu, Sandwich Islands, 28 March, 1867. He was graduated at Dartmouth in 1826, at Andover theological seminary in 1830, and was ordained in May, 1831, having acted for a year as agent of the American board of commissioners for foreign missions. had studied with the intention of becoming a missionary in India, but, yielding to a special call from the Sandwich Islands, sailed in November, 1831, for Honolulu, and was pastor of the Congregational church at Waialua from 1832 till 1864 with the exception of the years 1842-'6, when he was professor in the seminary at Lahainaluna and | pastor of the church at Kaanapali. He visited the United States in 1860, and took the degree of M. D. there. He baptized nearly 1,200 persons during his pastorate. He published five volumes of elementary works, three of them in the Hawaiian language, and, while at Lahainaluna, was joint author, with Rev. Artemas Bishop, of an "EnglishHawaiian Dictionary," based on Webster's abridgment (Lahainaluna, 1845).-His wife, Ursula Sophia Newell, b. in Nelson, N. H., 27 Sept., 1806, married Mr. Emerson in 1831, and gave him efficient aid in his work. EMERSON, Joseph, educator, b. in Hollis, N. H., in 1777; d. in Wethersfield, Conn., in 1833. He was graduated at Harvard in 1798, and was tutor there in 1801-'3, meanwhile studying theology, He was pastor of Beverly, Mass., in 1803-'16, and delivered there a course of historical lectures. After visiting the south, and delivering and publishing "Lectures upon the Millennium," he established an academy in Byfield, Mass., and afterward lectured on astronomy in Boston. He taught school and was pastor at Saugus, Mass., in 1821-'3, but in the latter year moved to Charleston, S. C., for his health. After returning to Saugus he gave up ministerial duties in 1825 and engaged in teaching in Wethersfield, Conn. During his residence there he again visited Saugus, and delivered lectures on Pollok's "Course of Time." He published an edition of "Watts on the Mind."-His brother, Ralph, clergyman, b. in Hollis, N. H., 18 Aug., 1787; d. in Rockford, Ill., 20 May, 1863, was graduated at Yale in 1811, and at Andover theological seminary in 1814, and, after holding a tutorship in Yale for two years, was ordained, 12 June, 1816, as pastor of the 1st Congregational church at Norfolk, Conn., where he remained till 1829. He was professor of ecclesiastical history and pastor at Andover from 1829 till 1853, then removed to Newburyport, and in 1858 to Rockford, Ill., where he remained till his death, also lecturing at the Chicago theological seminary. Yale gave him the degree of D. D. in 1830. He contributed largely to religious periodicals, published a "Life of Rev. Joseph Emerson," his brother (Boston, 1834), and translated, with notes, Wiggins's "Augustinianism and Pelagianism" (Andover, 1840). EMERSON, Luther Orlando, musician, b. in Parsonsfield, Me., 3 Aug., 1820. He began the study of music at the age of twenty-four, and has devoted himself to teaching singing-classes and to writing vocal school-exercises and church music, in Boston, Salem, and West Greenfield, Mass. Mr. Emerson is well known as the conductor of numerous musical festivals and conventions in all parts of the Union. Besides occasional pieces in the form of sheet-music, he has written and compiled many collections of church music. Among them "The Romberg Collection" (Boston, 1853); "The Golden Wreath" (1857); "The Golden Harp' (1858); "The Sabbath Harmony" (1860); "The Harp of Judah" (1863); "Merry Chimes" (1865); "Jubilate " (1866); and sundry other collections. EMERSON, Ralph Waldo, author, b. in Boston, Mass., 25 May, 1803; d. in Concord, Mass., 27 April, 1882. He was the second of five sons of the Rev. William Emerson, minister of the 1st church, Boston. His grandfather at the sixth remove, Rev. Joseph Emerson, of Mendon, Mass., married the granddaughter of Rev. Peter Bulkeley, who was one of the founders of Concord, Mass., and minister of the first church there. Joseph's grandson, of the same name, was pastor at Malden, and married a daughter of the Rev. Samuel Moody, of York, Me., and three of the sons of this union were clergymen; among them William, Ralph Waldo's grandfather, who presided over the church in Concord at the time of the first battle of the Revolutionary war, which took place close by the minister's manse. This grandfather also had married the daughter of a minister, the Rev. Daniel Bliss, his predecessor in the pulpit at Concord. Thus the tendency and traditions of Ralph Waldo Emerson's ancestry were strong in the direction of scholarly pursuits and religious thought. His family was one of those that constitute, as Dr. Holmes says, the "academic races " of New England. His father (see EMERSON, WILLIAM) was a successful but not popular preacher, whose sympathies were far removed from Calvinism. He published several sermons, and was editor of the "Monthly Anthology" from 1805 till 1811, a periodical that had for contributors John Thornton Kirkland, Joseph S. Buckminster, John S. J. Gardiner, William Tudor, and Samuel C. Thacher. It was largely instrumental in developing a taste for literature in New England, and led to the establishment of the "North American Review." The mother of Waldo was a woman "of great patience and fortitude, of the serenest trust in God, of a discerning spirit, and the most courteous bearing." He strongly resembled his father. His aunt, Mary Moody Emerson, a woman of high intellectual attainments, was one of his early companions; and in some printed extracts from her journals a mode of thought and expression remarkably similar to that of the now celebrated essayist is traceable. His youngest brother, Charles Chauncey, who died young, in 1834, was distinguished by a singularly pure and sweet character, and contributed to the "Harvard Register" three articles in which there are passages strikingly like portions of the essays afterward produced by Ralph Waldo. The latter concentrated in himself the spiritual and intellectual tendencies of several generations. He entered the grammar-school at the age of eight, and the Latin-school, under Master Gould, in 1815; but neither here nor at Harvard did he show unusual ability. After leaving college he engaged in teaching, and began the study of theology under the direction of Dr. Channing, although not regularly enrolled at the Cambridge divinity-school. He read Plato, Augustine, Tillotson, Jeremy Taylor, and had from boyhood been an enthusiast regarding Montaigne's essays, of which he said: "It seems to me as if I had myself written the book in some former life." In 1826 he was "approbated to preach" by the Middlesex association of ministers; but his health forced him to pass the winter in South Carolina and Florida. He was ordained_in March, 1829, as colleague of Rev. Henry Ware, Jr., in the pastorate of the 2d church, Boston, and succeeded to Ware's place within eighteen months. His preaching was eloquent, simple, and effective. He took part actively in the city's public affairs, and showed a deep interest in philanthropic movements, opening his church, also, to the anti-slavery agitators. In 1832, however, he resigned his pastorate, and did not thereafter regularly resume ministerial labors. Having decided that the use of the elements in the communion was a mistaken formality-the true communion, as he thought, being purely spiritual-he refused to make the compromise proposed, that he should put his own construction on the Lord's supper, leaving his congregation to retain their view. The parting with his flock was friendly, and, although long misunderstood in certain quarters, he always maintained a strong sympathy with Christianity. For several years he had been writing poetry, but he published and in 1838 three volumes of the same author's no literary work during the term of his pastorate. essays, all of these appearing in book-form in this The poem "Good-bye, Proud World," incorrectly country before they did so in England, and netting attributed to the date of his resignation, was writ- a comfortable sum for Carlyle. Nature," similarten before he entered the ministry. Excepting ly, met with considerable appreciation in England, this piece, little poetry of his early period has been but in the United States it took twelve years to sell given to the world. He had married, in 1829, Miss 500 copies. The character of the book was both Ellen Louisa Tucker, who died in February, 1832. methodical and rhapsodical. It taught that the In 1833 he went to Europe for his health, visiting universe consists of nature and the soul, and that exSicily, Italy, and France, and preaching in Lon-ternal nature serves four purposes-viz.: commodidon and Edinburgh. At this time he met Cole- ty, beauty, language, and discipline. It ministers ridge, Wordsworth, and Thomas Carlyle, forming to the senses; then to the love of beauty; then it with the last-named writer an enduring friendship, gives us language-i. e., supplies words as the signs which is one of the most interesting in literary an- of natural facts, by which we interpret our own nals. It resulted in a correspondence, which was spirits. Natural laws applied to man become moral continued for thirty-six years, and has been pub- laws; and thus we perceive the highest use of nalished under the editorship of Charles Eliot Norton ture, which is discipline. It trains reason, develops (Boston, 1883). Returning to the United States the intellect, and becomes the means of moral cultin 1834, Mr. Emerson preached in New Bedford, ure. Thus nature speaks always of spirit, suggests declined a call to settle there, and went to Concord, the idea of the absolute, teaches worship of God, where he remained. In the next winter he began whom we cannot describe, and shows us that nature lecturing, the subjects of his choice being, curious- itself is only an apparition of God. "The mind ly enough, "Water" and "The Relation of Man to is a part of the nature of things," and God is rethe Globe." But he soon found themes better vealed directly to the soul, spirit being present all suited to his genius, in a course of biographical through nature, but acting upon us through ourlectures given in Boston, discussing Luther, Milton, selves and not from without. In verbal style this Burke, Michael Angelo, and George Fox. Two of treatise has great beauty, and rises to the plane of these were published in the "North American Rea prose poem; but the contents perplexed theoloview." This course was followed by ten lectures gians. The author was accused of pantheism, on English literature in 1835, twelve on the phi- though it is hard to see how the belief so named losophy of history in 1836, and in 1837 ten on differs from the professed Christian doctrine of human culture. Much of the matter embraced in the omnipresence of God. Most of the practithem was afterward remoulded and brought out cal people in the community regarded Emerson as in his later volumes of essays, or condensed into crazy, revolutionary, or a fool who did not know the rhythmic form of poems. Mr. Emerson mar- his own meaning. Ex-president John Quincy ried, in September, 1835, Miss Lidian Jackson, of Adams wrote concerning him in 1840: "After Plymouth, Mass. He then left the Old Manse," failing in the every-day vocations of a Unitarian where he had been staying with Dr. Ripley, and preacher and school-master, he starts a new docmoved into a house on the old Lexington road, trine of transcendentalism, declares all the old along which the British had retreated from Con- revelations superannuated and worn out, and ancord in 1775. In this " plain, square, wooden house," nounces the approach of new revelations." surrounded by horse-chestnut and pine trees, with pleasant garden-grounds attached, he made his home for the rest of his life; and, through his presence there, the village became "the Delphi of New England." On 19 April, 1836, the anniversary of the Concord fight, Emerson's hymn, composed for the occasion and containing those lines which have since resounded almost as widely as the fame of the deed, "Here once the embattled farmers stood, ment. And fired the shot heard round the world," was sung at the dedication of the battle-monuIn September of the same year his first book, "Nature," an idealistic prose essay in eight chapters-which had been written in the same room of the "Old Manse" in which Hawthorne afterward wrote his "Mosses"-was published anonymously in Boston. During the summer he had supplied the pulpit of the Concord Unitarian church for three months, and in the autumn he preached a while for a new society at East Lexington; but he refused to become its pastor, saying: "My pulpit is the lyceum platform." Doubts had arisen in his mind as to the wisdom of public prayer, the propriety of offering prayer for others, and the rightfulness of adhering to any formal worship. From this time his career became distinctively that of a literary man, although for several years he confined himself mainly to lecturing, and most of his prose writings were first given to the public orally. Carlyle had said to Longfellow that when Emerson came to Craigenputtock it was "like the visit of an angel." In 1836 he edited early sheets of Carlyle's "Sartor Resartus," The term transcendentalists was somewhat vaguely applied to a number of writers, among whom Emerson was the chief; but they did not constitute a regularly organized group, and had no very well-defined aims in common that could warrant the classification. Emerson himself disclaimed it later, saying "there was no concert of doctrinaires to establish certain opinions or to inaugurate some movement in literature, philosophy, or religion but only two or three men and women, who read alone, with some vivacity. Perhaps all of these were surprised at the rumor that they were a school or a sect, but more especially at the name of 'Transcendentalism."" Nevertheless, the scholars and writers of the period under notice, who numbered considerably more than two or three, finally adopted the name that had been forced upon them by changing the name of a periodical gathering held by them from the "Symposium" to "The Transcendental Club." A period of new intellectual activity had begun about 1820, on the return of Edward Everett from Europe, laden with treasures of German thought, which he put into circulation. Gradually his influence, and that of Coleridge and Carlyle in England, produced a reaction against the philosophy of Locke and Bentham, which, denying all innate ideas, and insisting upon purely mechanical revelation, had hitherto ruled Unitarians in Old and New England. The reactionists affirmed the existence of innate ideas, and a faculty in man that transcends the senses and the understanding. Supported by Goethe's deep love of nature as a companion of man, and Wordsworth's conception of it as interfused with spirit, Emerson |