with a loss of one officer killed, 9 wounded, 29 men killed, and 147 wounded, the French sustaining an equal loss.

Except the destruction of some batteries, the spiking of several

guns, and some damage done to the frigates by the fire of the ships, the squadron had effected little, and in a day or two it sailed for San Francisco to refit and repair damages.

SPAIN.-About the middle of

the month of January, Generals Concha, O'Donnell, and Gonzales Bravo, the heads of the Opposition or Moderado party, presented a memorial to the Queen, signed also by Rio Rosas, demanding the assembly of the constituent Cortes and the dismissal of the Sartorius (Conde de San Luis) Ministry, who from their intimate alliance with the Queen's minion Arana, and the Queenmother, had become extremely obnoxious to the nation. The only answer vouchsafed to this petition was an order to the generals to retire to the Canaries or Balearic Isles, which General O'Donnell refused to obey, and remained concealed in Madrid till June, notwithstanding the efforts of the police to discover his hiding-place.

conse

On the 20th of February, an insurrectionary movement took place in Saragossa, where Brigadier-General Hore, in quence of his being known to be much attached to General Jose Concha, who had taken refuge in France, having been ordered to proceed with the first battalion of his regiment to Pampeluna, rose in revolt, imprisoned those offi

cers who refused to join in the

movement, and took up a position on the bridge over the Ebro. Captain-General Rivero marched against the insurgents at the head of three regiments and several pieces of artillery, when a desperate fight took place in one of the squares of the city, in which Brigadier Hore was killed. The insurgents, however, maintained their position on the bridge, and held the castle of Aljaferia, but abandoned both in the night, retreating in the direction of the French frontier, which they reached on the 28th, and there disbanded. With the exception of a few citizens of Saragossa, few civilians joined Hore's movement: it was unknown in whose cause he raised his banner, and few were disposed to fight merely to expel Sartorius and bring back Concha.

Though the Government were successful in putting down this premature attempt at revolution, the spirit of discontent spread to an alarming extent during the succeeding months; the lamentable state of the finances, the corruption prevailing in every department, the wholesale frauds on the revenue, the inability of Spa

nish capitalists to make further advances, which drove the Ministry to the extraordinary attempt to replenish the exhausted exchequer by a forced loan, under the pretence of collecting the taxes six months in anticipation of their falling due, made it certain that an attempt would again be made by appeal to arms to rid the country of the obnoxious Ministry and the favourite Arana. On the 14th of June, Barcelona and Saragossa pronounced against the forced loan, and the conspirators in Madrid, emboldened by this prospect of assistance, met on the 18th to deliberate on the course of action to be adopted: at the outset there seems to have been a want of unanimity and definite aim; the officers stipulated that Espartero should be sent for as the price of the assistance of the army, and as an earnest that the new government should not be exclusively in the hands of the Moderado party, but contain a liberal infusion of the Progresista ele

ment.

The first act of insurrection took place on the morning of the 28th of June, when General Dulce, the Inspector-General of Cavalry, assembled 2000 horse in the Campo de Guardias, on the outskirts of Madrid, as if for inspection, and after haranguing them, exhorted them to revolt. They were shortly joined by General O'Donnell with three battalions of infantry, and the whole took up a position at the village of Canalejas, four miles from Madrid.

On the 29th, the Queen, who was absent at the Escorial, was hastily brought back to Madrid

with a strong escort to inspect the garrison on the Prado; but though a liberal distribution of decorations and epaulettes was made to the officers and privates of those regiments who had resisted the overtures of the insurgents, though the Queen herself addressed them and threw herself and her infant on their protection, not a viva or shout was heard. The Director-General of the Artillery, Campuzano, and General Lara, refused, when requested, to march against the insurgents, whose outposts were within musket-shot of the palace, alleging that the troops could not be depended upon, at the same time protesting that the Queen owned no more loyal subjects.

Early on the morning of the 30th, a strong column, consisting of four battalions of infantry, two troops of horse artillery, and a regiment of cavalry, under General Quesada, attacked the insurgents at the village of Vicalvaro, but were speedily compelled to retreat with great loss; but being reinforced by fresh troops under General Lara, renewed the engagement with some success. The insurgent cavalry, led by General Dulce, repeatedly charged the royalist infantry and guns; but failing to take the latter, they drew off their forces, and the Queen's troops retired to Madrid. A few squadrons of insurgent cavalry hovered on their rear, and at the Alcala gate made a gallant dash at the rear guard, endeavouring, but unsuccessfully, to rescue Colonel Garrigo, who had fallen into the hands of the Queen's troops earlier in the day. The action lasted till nightfall,

with a loss of 1000 killed and wounded on the side of the insurgents, and 1500 of the royalists, who, if not defeated, entirely failed in their object of dispersing the rebel forces. O'Donnell, finding his force too weak to hold his position in the immediate neighbourhood of Madrid, retired by rail to Aranjuez, break ing up the rails and destroying minor bridges behind him: here he remained undisturbed for some days, till the Government, having been reinforced by some fresh troops from Valladolid, sent a column of 5000 men, under General Blazer, in pursuit; the insurgents, who had behaved quietly and orderly during their stay at Aranjuez, then retreated along the main south road to Tembleque, Manzanares, Puerto Lapiche, and Baylen, followed by General Blazer, at an interval of two or three days' march.

On the 7th of July General Buceta, with a strong detachment, by a retrogade movement successfully attacked Cuenca, which was defended by a feeble garrison, and thus established a connecting link between the insurgents in Andalusia and Valencia. On the 10th General Serrano joined O'Donnell from Granada, but brought only a small body of troops with him. General O'Donnell finding that the country would not move to place him in power with a Moderado Government, made overtures to the Progresista party, which were accepted, and a proclamation issued in accordance with this new phase of the revolution. In answer to the amended manifesto of the associated leaders, declaring their object to be the re-establishment of the Consti

tution of 1837, with its constituent Cortes, the implied maintenance of the throne of Isabel II., the dismissal of the Camerilla and the Queen-Mother, and the re-organisation of the National Guard, all the most important towns which had hitherto held aloof from the insurrection rose in its favour. Valladolid, Saragossa, Granada, San Sebastian, Tarragona, Gerona, Lerida, Vittoria, Burgos, Salamanca, and Barcelona gave in their adhesion to the Pronunciamento, the troops almost everywhere joining in the movement.

Upon this the Sartorius Ministry acknowledged the impossibility of maintaining a hopeless and unequal contest, and resigned on the 17th of July, seeking safety in flight. The Court in this extremity attempted the formation of a Ministry under General Cordova, with the Duke de Rivas as President of the Council, and two others of the Moderado party, supported by three Progresistas and Rio Rosas, who had lately seceded to that party. As soon as this became known, the people of Madrid rose in insurrection; at eight o'clock in the evening of the 17th they attacked the Prefecture, and possessed themselves of the arms deposited there, and proceeded to attack the Government buildings; at ten o'clock a meeting took place in the Town Hall, and, a Junta for the province having been formed, a memorial was drawn up, expressing the wishes of the people, which was presented by a deputation, headed by Señor Corradi, the Liberal editor of the Clamor Publico. The memorial was as follows:-" Señora,—

The undersigned Spanish citizens and interpreters of the wishes and desires of the people of Madrid, whom they have the honour to represent, expose to your Majesty, with due respect, that, considering the grave circumstances in which are this capital and the whole nation, there is no other means of safety for the Throne, but in restoring to the people the rights which have been usurped from them, respecting their principles of morality and justice, removing from your Majesty's side the perfidious counsellors who have compromised by their misdeeds and violence the peace of the kingdom and the institutions that the country has conquered with its blood and treasures. The people of Madrid demand constituent Cortes, in which may be fixed in a stable and secure manner the bases of its political and social re-organisation among them, and, as a guarantee of order and liberty, it demands the re-establishment of the National Guard. The people, exhausted by the weight of onerous taxes, also asks of your Majesty a diminution of the imposts and other burdens upon it. Victim and plaything of adventurers and bastard anıbitions, it dares to hope that merit and virtue alone will be listened to in the councils of the Crown. May your Majesty be pleased to receive the sentiments of the people of Madrid, which the exponents transmit with all fidelity. God preserve, &c.

"Madrid, July 17th, 1854."

The Queen heard them kindly, and assured them she would decide for the best with respect to the contents of their petition,

keeping the national wish in view. On their return, and as they were endeavouring to tranquillise the people, General Cordova, who, it is said, had given his promise to the Junta not to molest the people that night, they pledging themselves to keep them quiet, ordered two battalions to open fire in the Plaza Mayor. Later in the night the exasperated mob sacked, pillaged, and set on fire the hotels occupied by the Minis. ters San Luis, Domenech, Collantes, Count de Quinto (Civil Governor of Madrid), and Count Vista Hermosa and Salamanca (the banker and railway contractor). They next attacked Queen Christina's Palace, in the Plazade-los-Ministerios, and, having made an entrance into one wing, threw out the furniture to feed a large bonfire, and set fire to the Palace itself. By this time some troops arrived, and, after firing a few volleys, cleared the square, and succeeded in confining the conflagration to the wing in which it had begun.

On the 18th barricades were erected in all the main streets which debouch on the Puerta del Sol, which were manned by armed insurgents, led by officers of the army and engineers, from behind which they kept the troops at bay for 18 hours, notwithstanding that at two points artillery was brought to bear upon them. The number killed was computed to be 400, and double that number wounded. About six o'clock on the evening of the 19th a suspension of hostilities was called for on the ground that General Cordova had resigned, and Marshal Espartero had been charged to form a Government, in accord