R. JAMES PARKER. Darfield Road, Crofton Park, S.E.

THE POPE'S CROSIER (12 S. iv. 13).A. E. P. R. D. asks for a verification of the statement that, according to St. Thomas Aquinas, the Pope never carried a crosier unless he entered the diocese of Trier. This practice is mentioned by Jeremy Taylor in his Discourse of the Liberty of Prophesying,' §7, Of the fallibility of the pope and the uncertainty of his expounding scripture and resolving questions.' Taylor gives Aquinas as his authority, and adds the marginal reference, In iv. sent. dist. 24." Eden in his edition of Taylor's works, vol. v. p. 466, adds the further detail, 'q. 3 art. 3 fin." EDWARD BENSLY.

ICKE FAMILY (12 S. iv. 106, 226, 311).Lower's Patronymica Britannica derived the surname Hick or Hicks from Isaac, and Canon Bardsley in his first work, 'English Surnames,' took a similar view. This is doubtless the book referred to by SIR DOUGLAS OWEN. Bardsley, who made a special study of surnames in his later years, produced his 'Dictionary of English and Welsh Surnames' in 1901. In this work he altered his view entirely in regard to the personal names Hicks, Higgs, &c., and wrote, 8.v. Higgin :

"I stated in my English Surnames' (1875) that Isaac was the parent of Hikke, Higgs, giving my reasons. But I was altogether wrong, and I take this opportunity of apologizing for what at best was only a guess.'

See also the entries under Dick, Diggs, Dickens (from a French Diquon), Dix (Dixon), and Hickok in Bardsley's 'Dictionary.'

The Rev. J. W. Johnston derives Eccles and Beccles from ecclesia and bi-ecclesia, or Church and Bychurch. N. W. HILL.

35 Highbury Place, N.5. "BIAJER " (12 S. iv. 187, 252).- On reading MR. S. PONDER's reply, I remembered that there is an interesting note on the Orang-Laut in My Journal in Malayan Waters; or, the Blockade of Quedah,' by Capt. Sherard Osborn, R.N., C.B., (3rd ed., 1861, pp. 253-9). In this he writes:

6

"My Malays owned they were countrymen, but spoke of them as barbarians of the lowest caste, title of Bad People, or Gipsies, who make war pariahs of Malayia, and summed them up by the alike by petty theft upon Malays or Siamese." G. H. WHITE.

23 Weighton Road, Anerley.

66

LEAP YEAR: LADY'S OFFER OF MARRIAGE (12 S. iv. 245).-A law punishing a man who refused a lady's offer of marriage is said to have been passed, not in France, If the but in Scotland, in the year 1288. man refuse the lady, he shall be mulcted in ye sum ane pundis or less, as his estait may be," unless he can prove himself betrothed already. The French law followed in a few years; and it is said that before Columbus sailed in 1492 (first voyage) the law was extended to Florence and Genoa. There seems to be no record of any fines exacted under this sentimental statute. In England of the early seventeenth century a man was not entitled to "benefit of clergy if he disdained such an offer; and later a refusal cost the happy man a silk gown-a legend traced to St. Patrick.

66

The letters v and g were often interchangeable; and "Valentine " has been identified with the Norman Fr. galantin, a philanderer. GEORGE MARSHALL.

21 Parkfield Road, Liverpool.

BOYS BORN IN MAY (12 S. iv. 133, 172, 257). From the Life of Mang-Chang-kiun written by Sze-Ma Tsien (first century B.C.), as well as Ying Chau's 'Fung-süh-tung,' tom. ii. (second century A.D.), it appears that the ancient Chinese believed that boys and girls born on the fifth of the fifth moon respectively would hurt their fathers and mothers when grown up. Sie Chung-Chi in his 'Wu-tsah-tsu,' written c. 1610, disproved this popular error by naming altogether ten distinguished men born on the fifth of the fifth moon, and showing that but two of them proved hurtful to their fathers' reputation. KUMAGUSU MINAKATA.

Tanabo, Kii, Japan.

WHITE HORSE OF KENT: LANDSCAPE WHITE HORSES (12 S. iv. 245, 312).-In 'The Ancient Kingdom of Kent,' by Mr. C. J. Redshaw, which appeared in The Invicta Magazine for February, 1908, occurs the following suggestion concerning the origin of the Kentish emblem, which may be worth considering:

"The second century B.C. marks an epoch in the history of Kent, because then a gold coin-the first gold coin in Britain-was added to its currency, and it was impressed with the stamp of a horse rampant. In an excellent volume entitled Gravesend in the very Time of Olde,' Mr. G. M. Arnold, D.L., J.P., F.S.A., thinks it was struck in imitation of the stater of Philip,' a gold coin of Philip II. of Macedon, at about the year 350 B.C., whereon appeared a small chariot drawn by two horses abreast, a large quantity of which he presumes were carried away by Brennus, when he raided Greece, with an army of Gauls, in 279 B.C., and suggests that it thus became the gold currency of Gaul, whence, in the ordinary way of commerce, it would naturally have been circulated here.... Mr. Arnold's idea that the Kent coin was an imitation of the stater' may be correct, and as the training of horses was a leading occupation in the little kingdom at that period, the substituted design is easily accounted for. That being so, we must not overlook the important fact that therein lies the origin also of our famous county emblem, which, having appeared on our coinage about a couple of centuries before the Christian era, is the

most ancient in Britain."

HOTEL BRISTOL (12 S. iv. 272, 310).MR. WAINEWRIGHT'S obliging reply appears to be a satisfactory solution of the problem. It may be worth adding that since the inquiry was made I have received a copy of an interesting book upon Calcutta, ancient and modern, and among the three photographs of the leading hotels, I find there also an Hotel Bristol ! J. H. RIVETT-CARNAC.

"" "HELL FOR LEATHER (12 S. iv. 186).— In or about 1914 there was a similar inquiry in the correspondence columns of The Spectator, and various solutions were offered. Eventually, I suggested that it was Eb corruption of the German phrase Hülfe für Leder, referring to the run of a hunted animal seeking safety for its leather," or hide or skin, by flight at top speed. No one beat me about the head for this, and I flattered myself that the explanation was accepted.

66

R. JAMES PARKER. Darfield Road, Crofton Park, S.E.

THE POPE'S CROSIER (12 S. iv. 13).A. E. P. R. D. asks for a verification of the statement that, according to St. Thomas Aquinas, the Pope never carried a crosier unless he entered the diocese of Trier. This practice is mentioned by Jeremy Taylor in his Discourse of the Liberty of Prophesying,' §7, Of the fallibility of the pope and the uncertainty of his expounding scripture and resolving questions.' Taylor gives Aquinas as his authority, and adds the marginal reference, "In iv. sent. dist. 24." Eden in his edition of Taylor's works, vol. v. p. 466, adds the further detail, q. 3 art. 3 fin." EDWARD BENSLY.

ICKE FAMILY (12 S. iv. 106, 226, 311).derived Lower's Patronymica Britannica the surname Hick or Hicks from Isaac, and Canon Bardsley in his first work, 'English Surnames,' took a similar view. This is doubtless the book referred to by SIR DOUGLAS OWEN. Bardsley, who made a special study of surnames in his later years, produced his 'Dictionary of English and Welsh Surnames' in 1901. In this work he altóred his view entirely in regard to the personal names Hicks, Higgs, &c., and wrote, 8.v. Higgin :

"I stated in my English Surnames' (1875) that Isaac was the parent of Hikke, Higgs, giving my reasons. But I was altogether wrong, and I take this opportunity of apologizing for what at best was only a guess."

Under Hick he writes:

See also the entries under Dick, Diggs, Dickens (from a French Diquon), Dix (Dixon), and Hickok in Bardsley's 'Dictionary.'

The Rev. J. W. Johnston derives Eccles and Beccles from ecclesia and bi-ecclesia, or Church and Bychurch. N. W. HILL.

35 Highbury Place, N.5.

"BIAJER" (12 S. iv. 187, 252).- Ọn reading MR. S. PONDER's reply, I remembered that there is an interesting note on the Orang-Laut in My Journal in Malayan Waters; or, the Blockade of Quedah,' by Capt. Sherard Osborn, R.N., C.B., (3rd ed., 1861, pp. 253-9). In this he writes:

"My Malays owned they were countrymen, but spoke of them as barbarians of the lowest caste, title of Bad People, or Gipsies, who make war pariahs of Malayia, and summed them up by the alike by petty theft upon Malays or Siamese."

23 Weighton Road, Anerley.

can

G. H. WHITE.

LEAP YEAR: LADY'S OFFER OF MARRIAGE (12 S. iv. 245).—A law punishing a man who refused a lady's offer of marriage is said to have been passed, not in France, but in Scotland, in the year 1288. If the man refuse the lady, he shall be "mulcted in ye sum ane pundis or less, as his estait may be," unless he prove himself betrothed already. The French law followed in a few years; and it is said that before Columbus sailed in 1492 (first voyage) the law was extended to Florence and Genoa. There seems to be no record of any fines exacted under this sentimental statute. In England of the early seventeenth century a man was not entitled to "benefit of clergy" if he disdained such an offer; and later a refusal cost the happy man a silk gown-a legend traced to St. Patrick.

A Valentine to her that excelleth All,' by "daun Johan Lidegate, ye munke of Bury,' in wyse of chesing loues at Saint Valentynes day (Early Eng. Text Soc., Extra Series, cvii.), makes choice of the valentine

BOYS BORN IN MAY (12 S. iv. 133, 172, 257). From the Life of Mang-Chang-kiun written by Sze-Ma Tsien (first century B.C.); as well as Ying Chau's Fung-süh-tung,' tom. ii. (second century A.D.), it appears that the ancient Chinese believed that boys and girls born on the fifth of the fifth moon respectively would hurt their fathers and mothers when grown up. Sie Chung-Chi in his Wu-tsah-tsu,' written c. 1610, disproved this popular error by naming altogether ten distinguished men born on the fifth of the fifth moon, and showing that but two of them proved hurtful to their fathers' reputation. KUMAGUSU MINAKATA.

Tanabo, Kii, Japan.

WHITE HORSE OF KENT: LANDSCAPE WHITE HORSES (12 S. iv. 245, 312).-In The Ancient Kingdom of Kent,' by Mr. C. J. Redshaw, which appeared in The Invicta Magazine for February, 1908, occurs the following suggestion concerning the origin of the Kentish emblem, which may be worth considering:

"The second century B.C. marks an epoch in the history of Kent, because then a gold coin-the first gold coin in Britain-was added to its currency, and it was impressed with the stamp of a horse rampant. In an excellent volume entitled Gravesend in the very Time of Olde,' Mr. G. M. Arnold, D.L., J.P., F.S.A., thinks it was struck in imitation of the stater of Philip,' a gold coin of Philip II. of Macedon, at about the year 350 B.C., whereon appeared a small chariot drawn by two horses abreast, a large quantity of which he presumes were carried away by Brennus, when he raided Greece, with an army of Gauls, in 279 B.C., and suggests that it thus became the gold currency of Gaul, whence, in the ordinary way of commerce, it would naturally have been circulated here... Mr. Arnold's idea that the Kent coin was an imitation of the stater' may be correct, and as the training of horses was a leading occupation in the little kingdom at that period, the substituted design is easily accounted for. That being so, we must not overlook the important fact that therein lies the origin also of our famous county emblem, which, having appeared on our coinage about a couple of centuries before the Christian era, is the

most ancient in Britain."

an.

In Coins and Medals,' edited by Stanley Lane-Poole (Elliot Stock, 1885), is illustration (p. 101) of this "British gold. coin"; and in chap. v. of this volume Mr. Chas. F. Keary traces the introduction of this coinage into these islands from Greece, through Massalia into Gaul, and adds that "about the middle of the second century B.C. the southern coast of Britain adopted from Gaul the same habit."

The theory of the origin of our Kentish horse advanced in the above extract from Invicta is the only really feasible one I have numbers of this magazine, other theories ever come across. Possibly, in subsequent have seen only Nos. 1 and 2, I am unable to may have been brought forward; but, as I say: Perhaps some Kentish reader can enlighten me.

Wetheral, Carlisle.

W. SHARP.

I have since read in an article by a wellknown sporting writer-I think it was Gareth in The Referee-that it had been suggested to him that it really meant "all of a lather"; but if I remember right, he received the suggestion without comment. CHARLES BERE.

Milverton, Somerset.

EPITAPH TO A SLAVE (12 S. iv. 323). – Such tombstone memorials to slaves are very scarce, and until reading that copied by MR. FAWCETT I knew of but one other, to which my attention was directed about a year ago by my friend Mr. H. W. Lewer, F.S.A. It is in Essex, on the north side of the churchyard of Little Parndon, and reads as follows:

Here lieth the body of Hester Woodley who died the 15th of May 1767 aged 62 | this stone was Erected by John Woodley Esq of Cork St. London | As a grateful Remembrance of her Faithfully discharged[ing] her Duty With the Utmost Attention and Integrity in the service of his late Mother | Mrs. Bridget Woodley to whom she belonged during her life and after her Death to her Daughter | Mrs. Mary Parsons by virtue of a | Reciprocal Agreement made between the said Mrs. Bridget Woodley and her son John Woodley | whose Property she would otherwise | have been at her Decease These are Facts.

In the word "discharged " the "ed" has been erased, and "ing" inscribed above.

Mrs. Bridget Woodley was the wife of William Woodley of the island of St. Christopher, and this slave was probably therefore from the West Indies.

STEPHEN J. BARNS.

Frating, Woodside Road,

Woodford Wells.

Somewhat similar memorials

occur at

Knighted, and restored to part of his Father's inheritance; And by the Law of 'Heraldry, who

soever fairly in the Field conquered his Adversary, may justifie the wearing and bearing of his Arms whom he overcame, and accordingly he takes

on him the Coat Armory of the said Aragonise, being Argent on a bend Sable, three Roses of the First, and ever since born by the name of Cary, whose ancient Coat of Armory I find to be Gules a Cheuron Argent between three Swans proper, one whereof they still retain in their Crest."

Is anything known of this "Aragonise" ?

R. PEARSE CHOPE.

"20 Martii, qui idem dies fuit sabbatum 4 temporum ineuntis Quadragesimæ, Rmo Cameracensi generales ordines apud Castrum Cameracesii celebrante, ex nostris theol. studiosis viginti sacris initiati sunt, quorum quatuor ad subdiaconatum, ad diaconatum quatuordecim, et duo alii, videlicet D. Cocksus et D. Stokes, ad ordinem presbyteratus sunt promoti." JOHN B. WAINEWRIGHT.

AUTHORS OF QUOTATIONS WANTED (12 S. iii. 510; iv. 32, 62, 287).

1. Quinque sumus fratres, uno de stipite nati. The fivefold division of the rose's calyx did not escape Sir Thomas Browne, who saw quincunxes in the heaven above and the earth below: "But nothing is more admired then the five Brethren of the Rose, and the strange disposure of the Appendices or Beards, in the calicular leaves thereof," &c. (The Garden of Cyrus,' chap. iii.). Wilkin in the notes to his edition of Browne's works gives the following "rustic rhyme

On a summer's day, in sultry weather,
Five brethren were born together,
Two had beards, and two had none,
And the other had but half a one.

The Garden of Cyrus edition : 6 S. iii. 466;

66

M. HERALDIC: CAPTOR AND HIS CAPTIVES' ARMS (12 S. iv. 188, 251, 334).—An instance 13 given in Izacke's Memorials of Exeter,' 1677, p. 72. He tells us that, in the beginning of King Henry V.'s reign,

iv. 73.

EDWARD BENSLY.

(12 S. iv. 331.)

The good we wish for often proves our bane. These words form the first line in the recitative "Thy glorious preceding the bass solo (Manoah) deeds inspir'd my tongue in the libretto of Handel's oratorio Samson. They are evidently based on lines 352-3 of Milton's 'Samson Agonistes::

(Manoah log.)....Nay, what thing good, Pray'd for, but often proves cur woe, our bane ? There is a similar idea in lines 63-4 of the same poem :

(Samson log.) Suffices that to me strength is And proves the source of all my miseries. my bane,

JOHN T. PAGE.