James Knight-Bruce as a judge were his fastidious analysis of language, which he loved to carry to the minutest dissection of etymological origin, and his sturdy desire to shake off the trammels of technical procedure if they interfered with what he conceived to be the right and justice of the case before him. He took a broader and a loftier view of the functions of an appellate judge, acting as the adviser of the Crown in the exercise of its highest judicial | duty, than to allow it to be bound down by tradition to perpetuate injustice or error; and, under the influence of a strong conviction, his judicial opinions sometimes went to the verge of temerity. Vehement in his own opinions, he was not intolerant of the convictions of others; and although he was naturally gifted with an exuberance of wit and a rare keenness of sarcasm, he seldom or ever used it as a weapon in debate, or cared to inflict a wound when he could not persuade an opponent.

By the legal profession among whom his life was passed, and especially by the senior members, who have conducted or argued cases before him for the last quarter of a century, the death of Sir J. Knight-Bruce is regarded not only as the loss of an upright and conscientious judge, but as the removal of one who, uniting an intimate acquaintance with the present to a long experience of the former system of equity jurisprudence, was as profound a lawyer as ever adorned the Bench. His language was lucid and terse; his style strictly classical; his manner courteous and dignified; his virtues, public and private, numerous; and his foibles few. Of his indefatigable energy and capacity for work, no better instance can be given than his having, just before the long vacation in 1850-the most pressing period of the legal year performed the work of three Courts during the illness of the two other Vice-Chancellors, with so much discrimination, ability, and good temper (to use Mr. Foss's words), that a public expression of respectful admiration was elicited from the whole Bar in an address from the AttorneyGeneral. The following estimate of the judicial character of the deceased judge from the pen of a very distinguished member of the Bar, was addressed to one of the weekly papers shortly after his decease:"Though his great penetration and quickness, and his wonderful aptitude and talent for business, made him, in his best days, an admirable judge, so far as concerned the interests of the suitors, yet his habit, which very much increased on him of late years, of deciding the case on hand with a few short words, without examining and stating at length the reasons for his judgment and the law which bore on it, has

prevented him, perhaps, from taking that great and distinguished position as judge of which he was so eminently capable. Of the numerous judgments delivered by him, those which will hereafter be referred to as settling or elucidating the law are few and far between; and their number is by no means such as we should have anticipated from his great general reputation and undoubted learning and capacity. Yet there are some few judgments of his which will be remembered, not only for their sparkling cleverness and power, but as examples of legal reasoning, and as settlements of vexed and intricate legal questions. Sometimes, too, there was a certain irrepressible humour about even his gravest judgments, which was eminently characteristic of his general mode of getting through the otherwise dull and prosaic transactions of the Court in which he sat. Thus, in the 'Burgess's Anchovy Case,' in which two brothers Burgess, sons of the original inventor of the sauce, were the litigants, and in which the brother who succeeded to the business and the sauce' complained that the brother who had not inherited it was nevertheless vending 'Burgess's' Sauce, the Lord Justice, deciding against the complainant, commenced as follows:- All the Queen's subjects are entitled to manufacture pickles and sauces, and not the less so that their fathers have done it before them. All the Queen's subjects are entitled to use their own names, and not the less so that their fathers have done it before them.' The conclusion followed, of course. The late Lord Justice, too, though not what would now be called a High Churchman, upheld, more strictly than any one on the Bench, the principle that a judge cannot recognize judicially as that Christianity which is legally and ipso facto part and parcel of the Constitution, any other form of the Christian religion than that established by law. In one case, some years ago, he went so far as to order a cause to stand over that proof might be given that certain flagrant departures from right, proved in the cause, and urged as the grounds for the removal of a Dissenting minister, were inconsistent with the principles of the sect in question. And in the well-known case of the Agapemone his Lordship, then ViceChancellor, laid it down-not, perhaps, without reason-that it would be as proper for the Court to entrust its ward to a camp of gipsies, as to the so-called 'religious body' with which he was then dealing."

Sir J. Knight-Bruce married, in 1812, Eliza, daughter of Thomas Newte, Esq., of Duvale, Devon, by whom he had several children.

DR. LINDLEY.

John Lindley, Esq., F.R.S., Ph.D., and late Professor of Botany at University College, was born on the 5th of February, 1799, at Catton, near Norwich, where his father was proprietor of a large nursery garden. After leaving the Grammar School of Norwich, he devoted his attention to botanical science. In 1819 he published a translation of "Richard's Analyse du Fruit," and in 1820 a work entitled "Monographia Rosarum," in which he described several new species of roses. About the same period he contributed to the "Transactions of the Linnæan Society" various papers on botanical subjects. Some time afterwards he proceeded to London, where he became Assistant Secretary to the Horticultural Society, and was engaged by Mr. Loudon to write the descriptive portion of his " Encyclopædia of Plants," the merit of which, as a botanical work, was entirely due to him, as was stated in the preface. The "Encyclopædia" was completed in 1829. In the same year he was appointed Professor of Botany at the London University. At this period the Linnæan system was almost universally followed by English botanists. It is one of the chief merits of Dr. Lindley, that he early saw the necessity of superseding the artificial by the natural classification of plants. In an essay on this subject published in his "Introduction to the Natural System of Botany," published in 1830, he showed very clearly what the advantages of this system were, and thus paved the way for its general adoption in England. Two years later he published the "Introduction to Systematic and Physiological Botany, and a Synopsis of the British Flora," in which our indigenous plants were arranged and described for the first time according to the natural system. In a "Natural System of Botany," published in 1836, Dr. Lindley took new views of botanical classification, and proposed a new nomenclature for families of plants. Ten years later, his great work, "The Vegetable Kingdom," was published. This work, the most elaborate that had appeared on systematic botany, gave a description of all the families of plants, and more especially of those useful to man. It gave very extended lists of the genera, and was generally recognized as one of the most important contributions which had at that time appeared on systematic botany. While engaged in writing these works, Dr. Lindley was most diligently employed as a practical botanist, in describing new species, on which he wrote a large number of

papers contributed to botanical publications. In 1841 he became editor of the "Gardener's Chronicle," a weekly publication, which he conducted with great ability. In 1860 he was appointed examiner in the University of London. He was a Ph.D. of Munich, and a Fellow of the Royal Society, of which, in 1858, he received the medal as a reward for his services to botanical science.

Dr. Lindley died on the 1st of November, aged 66.

LORD MONTEAGLE.

The Right Hon. Thomas Spring-Rice, Lord Monteagle, of Brandon, co. Kerry, in the Peerage of the United Kingdom, F.R.S., F.G.S, &c., who held, during his long political career, some of the most considerable offices in the State, was the only son of Stephen Edward Rice, Esq., of Mount Trenchard, by Catherine, daughter of Thomas Spring, Esq., of Ballycrispin, co. Kerry, and was born at Limerick on the 8th of February, 1790. He was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated M.A. in 1833, and for some time studied for the Bar, but relinquished that profession on the occasion of his first marriage. He entered Parliament in 1820, as one of the members for his native city, which he continued to represent in the Whig interest down to the passing of the Reform Bill in 1832, when he was chosen for Cambridge, and sat for that borough until his eleva tion to the Peerage in 1839, during the whole of which time he had lent his support to every liberal measure that was proposed by his party, including the repeal of the Test and Corporation Acts, the Roman Catholic Relief and Reform Acts.

He was Under-Secretary for the Home Department for a short time in 1827, and held the Secretaryship of the Treasury from November, 1830, to June, 1834, in which latter year he was also for a short time Secretary of State for the Colonies. In 1834, he was sworn a member of the Privy Council. On the return of Lord Melbourne's administration to office, in April, 1835, he was appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer, but resigned that office in September, 1839, succeeding the late Sir J. Newport as Comptroller-General of that department, and being at the same time raised to the peerage. His Lordship frequently acted as a member of Royal Commissions on matters of taste and art, and bestowed considerable pains on the work of examining and reporting upon the decimal coinage question. He took a

prominent part in the discussion of monetary and commercial subjects in the Upper House, such as the Limited Liability Bill, &c., and also in those relating more particularly to Irish affairs. In 1861, he opposed unsuccessfully the abolition of the Paper Duty. His Lordship was a Commissioner of the State Paper Office, a Trustee of the National Gallery, a member of the Senate of the London University, and of the Queen's University in Ireland.

He died on the 7th of February, at his seat, Mount Trenchard, near Limerick, aged 75.

April 23, 1838, he had issue a son, Thomas George, his successor, and three daughters. Lord Northbrook married, secondly, March 31, 1841, Lady Arabella Howard, second daughter of Kenneth Alexander, first Earl of Effingham, and by her had a son, the Hon. Francis Henry Baring. Lord Northbrook was a man of unblemished integrity, and respected on both sides of the House of Commons as a straightforward politician. He was a good landlord, and gave constant and personal attention to the interests of the labourers on his estates. A man of refined and educated tastes, to the last he was fond of the classical studies for which he was distinguished in early life.

LORD NORTHBROOK.

The Right Hon. Sir Francis Thornhill Baring, Baron Northbrook, of Stratton, in the county of Southampton, and a Baronet, whose death occurred on the 6th of September, at his seat, Stratton Park, near Winchester, was the eldest son of Sir Thomas Baring, the second Baronet, by his wife, Mary Ursula, eldest daughter of Charles Sealy, Esq., of Calcutta, barristerat-law, and was nephew of the Right Hon. Alexander Baring, first Lord Ashburton. He was born April 10, 1796, and was educated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford, where he greatly distinguished himself, having obtained a double first-class in 1817, and graduated M.A. in 1821. He was called to the Bar by the Hon. Society of Lincoln's Inn, in 1823. In 1826 he was first returned to Parliament for the borough of Portsmouth, in the Liberal interest, and he continued to represent that borough nearly forty years, up to the last dissolution of Parliament. He was a thorough Whig, and was always a stanch and earnest supporter of the measures of his party. In 1830 he was appointed one of the Lords of the Treasury, which office he held up to June, 1834, when he became one of the Joint Secretaries of the Treasury, and so continued with the exception of a short interval up to 1839. He then accepted the post of Chancellor of the Exchequer, and held it up to September, 1841. From 1819 he was for three years First Lord of the Admiralty, after which period he retired from official life. He succeeded his father as third Baronet, April 3, 1848, and was raised to the Peerage as Baron Northbrook, of Stratton, in the county of Southampton, January 4, 1866. Lord Northbrook married, first, April 7, 1825, Jane, youngest daughter of Sir George Grey, Bart., G.C.B., and niece of Charles, second Earl Grey, by whom, who died

DR. WHEWELL.

The Rev. William Whewell, D.D., V.P.R.S., M.R.I.A., Master of Trinity College, Cambridge,-one of the most celebrated scientific and philosophical writers of his day, whose lamented death, from the effects of a fall from his horse, occurred on the 6th of March,-was born at Lancaster in 1795. He was of humble parentage; and it is said that his father intended to devote him to his own handicraft, but he was sent to the Free Grammar School of Lancaster, and proceeded in due course to Trinity College. His position in the Mathematical Tripos as Second Wrangler, followed by the acquisition of the Second Smith's Prize, proved the possession of the intellectual powers which he cultivated up to the day when he suffered the accident which proved fatal. That a Second Wrangler should be in due time Fellow and Tutor of his College, is a matter of course; but Mr. Whewell possessed an intellectual vigour which was not satisfied with the mere work of a College Tutor. In 1828 he was elected Professor of Mineralogy, succeeding to the chair which had been founded for Dr. Clarke; and when the British Association was formed, he was requested to draw up a report on the condition of that science. It was in connexion with the British Association (of which he was President in 1841) that he drew up the "Reports on the Tides, and on the Mathematical Theories of Heat, Magnetism, and Electricity," which rank among the first of his mathematical productions. Before this he had been chosen to write the "Bridgewater Treatise on Astronomy," and it is, perhaps, this circumstance which first suggested to him the "History of the Inductive Sciences," published in 1837, followed, in 1840, by the "Philosophy of

the Inductive Sciences," which are undoubtedly the works by which he will be best known in after years. In 1832 he resigned the Professorship of Mineralogy, but in 1838 accepted the Professorship of Moral Philosophy, which he held till 1855. In 1841, during the Ministry of Sir Robert Peel, he was nominated to the Mastership of Trinity, on the resignation of Dr. Wordsworth; and in this position he took an active part in introducing into Cambridge the new studies which have since been recognized by the institution of the Natural and Moral Sciences Triposes. As Professor of Moral Philosophy, he founded prizes for the encouragement of that study, which he himself always pursued with avidity. He edited Sir James Mackintosh's "Introduction to the Study of Ethical Philosophy," published two volumes of his on 66 Morality," and among his latest productions were some translations of the "Ethical Dialogues of Plato." If we add to this list in which we have taken no notice of mere University text-books, "Lectures on Political Economy," delivered at the desire of the late Prince Consort before the Prince of Wales and other students; an edition of the works of Richard Jones on "Political Economy," "Architectural Notes on Churches in France and Germany," and "Some Specimens of English Hexameters," published in a book containing similar efforts by Sir John Herschel, the late Archdeacon Hare, and Mr. Lockhart, we may give some idea of his extraordinary versatility and industry.

Cambridge men all over the world associated Dr. Whewell with their recollections of the University. The Master of Trinity was the head of the residents at Cambridge no less by the vigour of his intellect and the range of his acquirements than by his position as the head of its greatest College; and the place he held in academic society was due more to himself than to his office. His towering figure was one of those soonest known by the undergraduate, who had heard of his renown long before he came into residence; and when he quitted the University at the end of his career, the Master of Trinity was the man above all others whom he remembered as the representative of Cambridge learning and Cambridge dignity.

Men of such wide and varied attainments as Dr. Whewell possessed are always open to the suspicion of being but superficially acquainted with some of the branches of knowledge on which they write; and the Master of Trinity was sometimes disparaged as Leibnitz was in his day. The saying that "Science was

his forte and Omniscience his foible" is well known, though it had, in truth, less real ground than even epigrams usually have. Dr. Whewell was doubtless not uniformly great, but he reached a high degree of excellence in every thing he attempted. It is probable that defects in his manners encouraged those who were ready to disparage what they were unable to measure. Dr. Whewell was at times disposed to overbear opponents, and for some years his influence in the University was marred by resentment against this defect. At the same time he often exhibited an urbanity which, coupled with his universal knowledge, made him a delightful companion. The failing referred to was in part probably attributable to the high estimation in which he held the College of which he was the head, and which was wholly free from any alloy of personal vanity. He was prouder of Trinity College than of any of his works, and would have sacrificed every thing to magnify it. And it must be added that he endowed it with almost Royal munificence.

Some seven or eight years since, he built, at his own expense, a hostel for the reception of some of the overflowing stu dents of Trinity, who had been compelled to live in lodgings for want of rooms in College; and at the time of his death he had commenced still larger works by way of addition to the former building, which he had unwillingly deferred in consequence of difficulties in obtaining the necessary site, but the completion of which he took care to provide should be independent of the accident of his death.

Dr. Whewell was twice married, and twice a widower. His first wife was Miss Marshall, a sister of Lady Monteagle, and he caused a mortuary chapel in the Cemetery at Cambridge to be built after his own designs as a memorial of his affection. She died in 1854, and he married, secondly, in 1858, the widow of Sir Gilbert Affleck, a sister of the late Mr. Leslie Ellis, himself a Fellow of Trinity.

The funeral of the deceased took place, in the Chapel of Trinity College, on the 10th of March, and was attended by the Duke of Devonshire, Chancellor of the University, the Bishops of Worcester and Ely, the representatives of the University, the Right Hon. S. H. Walpole and Mr. Selwyn, Sir J. F. W. Herschel, Bart, General Sabine, the Astronomer Royal, General Malcolm, the Provost of Oriel, the Hon. G. Denman, M.P., the ViceChancellor and Heads of Houses, the whole College, several former Fellows, and a large number of other members of Senate.