to spend one hundred million dollars on building a church as beautiful as St. Mark's in Venice, but they would insist on its being finished in eighteen months." Signor Ferrero adds: The reply was suggestive. How is it possible to beautify a world which is perpetually being transformed, where nothing is stable, and where everything, from furniture to buildings, must be turned out in quantities?" In this world nothing is either wholly good or wholly evil. The passion for quantity has had maleficent as well as beneficent results. It sacrificed quality to quantity. It changed the popuilar estimate of values; of spiritual as well as material values. That was counted the greatest university which had the greatest number of students, the greatest newspaper which had the greatest circulation, the greatest book which was the best seller, the greatest preacher who had the greatest congregation. Efficiency in making and selling things regardless of their quality became in many minds the supreme excellence. Germany became › the admiration and the envy of the commercial world because she possessed this excellence in a remarkable degree. Other countries were restrained in their commercial ambition by other considerations. England was restrained by her reverence for tradition. "There are no people more slow to change its opinions, methods, principles, tastes, and convictions in matters of art, science, religion, philosophy, and, even to a certain extent, in politics." The Latin peoples were restrained by their idealism. "France offered more resistance to this current of thought than any other country, but for that very reason it was too often said that she was aging." America, the land of a conglomerate population, found in democracy itself some safeguards from the perils of democracy. "One does not, however, need to travel in America in order to realize that the Americans are no mere barbarians, wholly given over to money-grubbing. . . . The effort made by the Americans to establish schools all over the country would in itself be sufficient to refute such an accusation.... A writer given to paradox might even assert that Americans are more idealistic than Europeans, if the desire to understand, admire, and assimilate everything, art, ideas, and religions alike, is to be regarded as a proof of idealism. . . Why, then, struggle for the triumph of one to the detriment of the other, instead of allowing man to take from each all the good that each has to offer? Those who know North America will say that, if there be a distinctively American doctrine, it is this." Germany was restrained neither by traditions as England, by idealism as France and Italy, nor by the spirit of brotherhood as America. Her traditions were all autocratic and barbaric. These were not imposed upon her by a despot. They were in her blood and in the thoughts and habits of her people. Her ideals were all those of despotic power; the only instruments of national greatness which they recognized were those of the armed man. To the Germans the saying of Isaiah was unmeaning: "For all the armor of the armed man in the tumult, and the garments rolled in blood, shall be for burning, for fuel of fire." The restraints of moral idealism recognizing human rights and divine authority they either did not perceive or perceived only to repudiate them. They recognized no equality of nations, and therefore no international law. They recognized no brotherhood of man, and herefore no obligations to fellow-men of other races. "The love,” says Bernhardi, “which a man showed to another country as uch would imply a want of love for his own countrymen." They recognized no moral law superior to the national self-will; no moral law above the law of the state. Religion furnished no -estraint, for their God was their ally, not their Lawgiver. "If a people," says Ferrero, "is to live happily and work profitably, there must be a certain balance between quantity and quality, and this balance is only possible if the ideals of perfection-whether artistic, moral, or religious-are capable of setting a bound to the desire for the increase of wealth." In Germany there is no such balance between quantity and quality, ecause there are no such ideals of perfection capable of setting bound to the desire for increase of wealth. The Germans have ooded the world with shoddy goods and inferior and fraudulent imitations. "What are all these Smyrna carpets woven at Monza; all these Japanese goods or all this Indian furniture manufactured at Hamburg or in Bavaria; all these Parisian novelties made in a hundred places; all these rabbits whom a few weeks suffice to change into otters; all these champagnes made in America, in Germany, in Italy, if not the lies of quantity, which steal from ruined and proscribed quality her last rags?" And while Germany has not been the only sinner, she has been a leader in this race, and has set the pace for the rest of the world. To this passionate greed are due what are perhaps the two greatest evils in the world-alcoholism and war. Says Ferrero: Alone among all the civilizations of history, our civilization has applied itself with the same energy to manufacture ever greater quantities of all products, from alcohol to explosives, from cannons to aeroplanes, without ever troubling itself as to the use that would be made of them. It is thus that enormous quantities of alcohol have been distilled; and after having been distilled they have been given to the million to drink, even at the risk of destroying whole nations. The primary sources of the vice are in the industry and not in the men. It is not the thirst of men which obliges industry and agriculture to produce drink in ever-increasing quantity; it is industry and agriculture which, swept along by the tremendous economic onrush of the world, augment the production; and, to dispose of it all, teach the masses to get drunk. . . . If we want to save the masses from this curse, there is only one way: entirely to prohibit the distillation of the alcohols of inferior quality destined for the making of liqueurs, and rigorously to limit the production of the alcohols of superior quality. The people will be obliged to drink less when they no longer have anything at their disposition but wine, beer, and a few very expensive liqueurs. From the democratic movement Germany was immune. She did not wake up to its commercial significance until long after the free nations had perceived and taken advantage of it. The colonies of England, France, and Italy practically covered the uncivilized world; over most barbaric peoples some civilized flag was floating. The civilization of these barbaric peoples developed wants, and their wants furnished a market for the goods of the civilized Power. Germany might find a market for her goods in civilized nations, but there she was compelled to compete with their own manufacturers, and she was always liable to be hindered, if not prevented, from entering the countries by tariffs. These three motives conspired to impel Germany to war: Her aristocratic rulers were impelled by her ambition for power; her commercial leaders, by their desire for markets; the intellectuals followed the soldier and the manufacturer, inspired by national self-conceit. National self-conceit is to be found not in Germany alone; but nowhere in free countries will be found such a self-conceit as is expressed, for example, in the following sentence by Professor Eucken, who is probably the sanest and broadest-minded of modern German philosophers: "To us more than to any other nation is intrusted the true structure of human existence; as an intellectual people we have, irrespective of creeds, worked for soul depth in religion, for scientific thoroughness, for the creation of independent personality in our educational methods. . . . All this constitutes possessions of which mankind cannot be deprived; possessions the loss of which would make life and effort purposeless to mankind." I have not attempted in this article to indicate all the forces which have led Germany to initiate this world war; but, taking the suggestion furnished by Signor Ferrero, I have endeavored to point out a partial answer to the question which, in common with all the world, he is asking and to which his book furnishes a partial answer: "The real problem of the European war seems to present itself thus: How was a nation, universally regarded as a brother of the great European family, able to conceive, at the dawn of the twentieth century, the idea of conquering, by surprise, a decisive supremacy over all the other countries of the world, by destroying with fire and sword, in a few months, one of the most ancient, most glorious, and most active centers of civilization, and how did it decide to stake all that is possessed, . . . that is to say, a very brilliant position, . . . in this venture?" M HOW THE SPIRIT OF ADVENTURE HAS BEEN PUT INTO INDUSTRY EN, money, and materials are the three great factors in industrial production. There is no lack of raw material within our country; neither is there lack of money. Because of the schedules of production which we have fixed for ourselves there is a shortage of industrial man power. It was necessary, therefore, to distribute our available supply of man power among our essential industries in the order of their need. This having been accomplished, the most important work remained to be done. Each human worker has to be impressed with the vital importance of the part which he plays. To fully accomplish this the worker must be permitted to share in the adventure of industry. There is adventure in industry, but usually it is confined to the chief executives of the organization. By sharing it with the workers their interest and pride in production results will be aroused. Instead of being permitted to dwell upon the deadly monotony of the heating of rivets hour on hour, the heater boy in the ship-building plant must be made to see that upon his efficiency and steadiness depends the work of his riveting crew; that upon the work of his crew and the many others just like it depends the speedy completion of a ship; that awaiting that ship are soldiers for the trenches, munitions for the armies, and food for our troops and our allies. A matter of hours gained by the riveters in fabricating the ship may seem unimpor tant. A matter of hours gained in the delivery of a ship's load of machine-gun munitions at the height of a battle may mean the difference between victory and defeat. It is just this conception that needs to be brought home to each worker in every essential industry in our country. So may a negative be changed into a positive condition, the disinclination to produce may be overcome, the lack of interest BY DOUGLAS H. COOKE in production may be eliminated, by instilling within each worker an intense personal interest in the objective, and inspiring him with a real inclination to produce to the utmost, hour after hour, day after day, week after week. The key to winning the war is ships. Realizing this, our Government took complete charge of the industry through the medium of the United States Shipping Board Emergency Fleet Corporation. There then arose serious question as to whether the workers in the shipyards and allied industrial plants would rise to the need. A higher scale of wage was adopted than had ever before been paid for this class of work in the history of the world. But for a time even this did not suffice. Many men would work until they had received the amount of pay to which they had been accustomed in previous occupations. Then they would loaf the rest of the week. Few seemed to realize the terrible gravity of the situation. The Board recognized this as a great problem in the psychology of the industrial worker, and took steps to meet it in a positive way. The first was the formation of the National Service Section, with its main offices in New York City, and with Dr. Charles Aubrey Eaton as the head, for the distinct purpose of carrying on a campaign of inspiration and education among the men of the shipyards. Dr. Eaton was then pastor of the Madison Avenue Baptist Church, and had previously had large churches in Cleveland and Toronto. A man of splendid physique and magnetic personality, his greatest strength lies in his deep-rooted sympathy with and large understanding and appreciation of the American workingman. It is this feeling on his part that at once transmits itself in a telepathic way to his workingman audiences, winning their attention, confidence, and co-operation. His conception of his work is best co veyed in Dr. Eaton's own words: We look upon our task as a National service. W speak to the workers in shipyard and industri plants, not as laboring men, but as Americ citizens. We know nothing of class or caste. O message is as much for the management as for th men, and for the people of the Nation as for tho connected with its industrial production. We appeal to the best that is in men. Class co sciousness is driven out by awakening a Nation consciousness. Small ideas are cured by big ideas We show the men that their work to win th war is not simply so much work for so much pay it is a sacrament, a religion; it is fighting as tru as if they were in the trenches in France. Dr. Eaton divided his National Servi Section into three broad divisions-Bus ness Office, Speakers, Printed Publicityall under his own close personal supe vision. To head these he operated his OW selective draft. The organization and co duct of the Section on a business basis w placed in the charge of Horace L. Day, New York, another of those big, broa American business men who have place patriotism before profit, abandoning f the duration of war participation in pe sonal enterprise. The reaching of the industrial worke in the shipyards of the country throug printed messages as well as through loc plant publications, general magazines, an the daily press was placed in the charge A. R. Parkhurst, the Section's secretar and a prominent figure in the New Yo newspaper world. The work started through the recruitin of a staff of military and layman speaker to be despatched in pairs into every ship yard and allied industrial plant in t country. The military speakers are Britis Canadian, Anzac, French, and Italian of cers and privates, either retired throug physical disability or in this country on fu lough and loaned to the Section through th courtesy of their respective Governments. The type of men is typified by the mention of but few, such as Major-General Swinton, K.C.B., D.S.O., father of the British tank; Lieutenant-Colonel R. S. Evans, D.S.O., British Army; and Corporal Frank A. H. Street. These are all men who have been in the thick of the fighting and many have won glory in the trenches. They know the Hun and his ways through personal contact and insight. They know the needs of the situation through personal participation. They kept the newspapers and magazines sup- The first, entitled "S.O.S-Send Out of enthusiasm soon began to set in throughout the shipyards and allied industrial plants. Wheels began to turn faster. Spirit improved day by day; output increased hour by hour. Managements and men began to understand each other and, as result, to trust each other as never before. Both got down to one purpose-to aid to the utmost in winning the war. The positive good accomplished is evidenced by the telegrams and letters from the managements of the plants, of which the following, received from one of the STRENGTHEN ON THE FIRING LINE The poster at the left is by E. Hopper, of New York City; it won the first prize in the "Citizens" class. Above is the first-prize winner in the "ShipBuilders" class, by Arthur Hutchins, of Boston. The poster at the right is by W. H. Hoffman, a schoolboy of Savannah, Georgia; it won the first prize in its class. There were four classes-the first open to all, the second to soldiers or sailors only, the third to workers in ship-building plants only, and the fourth to school-children only. There were prizes amounting to $1,000, three to each class. The Shipping Board, in its campaign for stimulating patriotic war work among the shipbuilders, had the co-operation of the New York "Sun," which made the contest widely known and aroused much enthusiasm. The model for the prize poster "Smash the Hun" was a "bender" in the Morse Dry-dock; and when he heard that "his" poster had won the prize he became so enthusiastic that he at once enlisted in the Navy. There was great excitement in the plant when the poster was shown to the men, for everybody at once recognized Pete Shea PRIZE POSTERS IN THE COMPETITION TO SPEED UP SHIP-BUILDING The prizes were offered by the National Service Section of the United States Shipping Board, Emergency Fleet Corporation are able to deliver a message that strikes fire in the heart of the workingman. The soldiers are paired with a layman speaker, forceful and eloquent-usually a volunteer pastor or preacher on leave from his church-and are sent out at regular intervals. The message they have to deliver is as much to the managements as to the men. It is one of cold fact, presented in a graphic, inspirational way, to bring vividly to them our great need for ships. Perhaps the most striking feature of these messages is the strong spiritual note that pervades. No stronger sermons are preached from any pulpit than the strong man-to-man and man-to-God talks of these soldierfighters. Practically all of the meetings are held on "company" time, for it is then easier to congregate all employees at a designated point. Executives have stated that the time lost by the men while attending these meetings is a good investment, as it is quickly made up by the renewed energy and better spirit. The Section has now more than a hundred speakers on its staff. In the month of July alone they talked in 1,252 meetings, to an audience totaling 1,159,089 industrial workers. Dr. Eaton himself, in addition to his executive responsibilities, addressed workers in New York, New Jersey, Illinois, Ohio, Michigan, California, Washington, and Oregon, talking to about 135,000 more. Supplementing the speakers, Mr. Parkhurst's department has placed "speed up" posters about the yards," speed up" literature in the hands of the workers, and has largest munition plants in the country, is typical: My one regret is that Dr. Eaton and all the staff were not able to witness the wonderful transformation in the spirit of our workmen, including foremen, superintendents, officials, and all the rest. ports sunk by the Hun, and calling upon men. One of the mediums for reaching the workers is the pay-roll envelope, in which are placed "spoonfuls of patriotism" in the form of small cards bearing war messages from men of international reputation. Literature is also addressed to the wife of the ship-builder, that she, too, may realize the need for her husband to work eight hours a day, six days a week, week after week. The Section held a poster competition which brought in nearly fifteen hundred entries, many of them bearing the names of prominent American artists. These are to supply a new fund of inspirational posters to be placed in the shipyards and plants. Managements of plants have been urged and aided to establish service departments in their plants; to organize employee associations, bands, encourage sports, and in every way promote the best interests of the employees. In more than one plant the Section has inaugurated an Industrial Relations Agreement, which aims at large mutual understanding between employer and employee, with the result that the just aspirations of the men will be advanced and unreasonable demands withdrawn. As a result of the Section's work a tide You do know, perhaps, that approximately fifteen hundred of our men, from our most important departments, were not at work because of lack of and, knowing this, I am sure you appreciate the seriousness of such a situation and the great necessity for heroic effort. What has been accomplished here has been made possible through your co-operation. Our entire or ganization is now awake to the full importance of the task, and is driving as it never did before to wi the war. Another, from the head of one of our largest shipyards, says: I have personally attended several employees' meetings where your speakers were present. I have paid special attention to watching the crowd of workmen and noting how they respond. There is no doubt about the influence you are having. It is npward and onward in ship production. You will find it steadily growing, and I hope all the principals in shipyards will take your work very seriously and at every opportunity do everything possible to keep the splendid thoughts movin which you have started. This result is accomplished by extending the worker's understanding, touching his pride, arousing his love of justice (and sometimes his fears), instilling within him the conviction that he is fighting as truly as if he were in the trenches in France, and thus giving him a participation in that spirit of high adventure which is necessary for the greatest achievements both in peace and war. WEEKLY OUTLINE STUDY OF CURRENT HISTORY BY J. MADISON GATHANY, A.M. HOPE STREET HIGH SCHOOL, PROVIDENCE, R. I. Based on The Outlook of August 28, 1918 Each week an Outline Study of Current History based on the preceding number of The Outlook will be printed for the benefit of current events classes, debating clubs, teachers of history and of English, and the like, and for use in the home and by such individual readers as may desire suggestions in the serious study of current history.-THE EDITORS. [Those who are using the weekly outline should not attempt to cover the whole of an outline in any one lesson or study. Assign for one lesson selected questions, one or two propositions for discussion, and only such words as are found in the material assigned. Or distribute selected questions among different members of the class or group and have them report their findings to all when assembled. Then have all discuss the questions together.] I-INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS A. Topic Direct Testimony; German Self-Accusation; Punishment of the Kaiser. Reference: Pages 643, 645; editorial, pages 648, 649. Questions: 1. Write an editorial on the material quoted from the letter received from France by a member of The Outlook's staff. Think out not less than three appropriate titles to your editorial and explain why you think they are suitable captions. 2. The Outlook thinks that the German army should be "so crushed that for generations the world will remember their fate as a warning to the lawless." Is or is not The Outlook advocating for the Allies the principle of "German frightfulness"? 3. The Outlook quotes the "Frankfurter Zeitung" as saying that "the German political system is false." When is a political system sound? Indicate specifically wherein Germany's political system stands in need of reform. 4. What would have to be done, and how long do you think it would take, to develop sound public opinion in Germany? 5. On page 648 The Outlook speaks of "the psychology of the Kaiser." What is meant by this? 6. Explain Dr. Hill's statement on the same page: "Without question, Kaiser Wilhelm II is the most histrionic sovereign of his time, and perhaps of any time." How prove Dr. Hill's statement? Do so. 7. From reading this editorial, what do you conclude the present punishment of the Kaiser is? 8. The Outlook believes the Kaiser should receive future punishment and that that punishment should be both physical and psychological. Discuss just what, in your opinion, that punishment should. be. Tell what you think of the Allies, after they have defeated Germany, bringing a charge of murder against Wilhelm II and executing him on proof of that charge. 9. You will do well to read "The Roots of the War," by W. S. Davis (Century); "The Origins of the War," by J. H. Rose (Putnams); "True and False Democracy," by N. M. Butler (Scribners). B. Topic: The Czechoslovak Nation; 1. These references tell us of the birth of two new nations. How many nations are there altogether? What are the first-rate Powers of the world? 2. What is a nation? What is a race? What is nationality? 3. Locate the Czechslovak nation. What facts has The Outlook given about the Czechoslovaks as a people and nation? 4. For what reasons are the Czechoslovaks on the side of the Allies? 5. Discuss what you think will result from this alignment. 6. Of what nation is Hussain the first King? Where is it? What are its ideals? 7. From the information given by The Outlook, what importance do you attach to the new Kingdom of the Hedjaz? 8. Find out all you can about the origin and char acter of the Arabs and their religious condition before Mohammed. Have they ever been conquered by a foreign foe? 9. Give the leading facts about the Turkish Empire at the dawn of the nineteenth century. 10. What are the most important things to be remembered about the Turks from 1801-1918? 11. Discuss why the Christian nations of Europe have allowed Turkey to remain in Europe. Should they have done so? 12. Two worth-while books are tionality in Modern History," by J. H. Rose (Macmillan), and "The Ottoman Empire," by W. Miller (Putnams-Cambridge University Press). "Na C. Topic: The Message of the World to the Church. Reference Editorial, pages 650, 651. 66 1. What does Dr. Abbott mean by "the Church"? By "sin"? 2. Explain his statement: "The brutalities in Belgium and France are but the outward manifestation of an inward life." 3. Dr. Abbott thinks the modern ministry has done well to reyou? 4. Do you agree or disagree with Dr. ject the doctrine of total depravity." Do Abbott when he says: "Time is no cure for sin." "Education is no panacea for sin. Development will not destroy it"? 5. What, according to Dr. Abbott, is the message of the world to the Church? Discuss. 6. What proof is there that the world was never more eager to hear the message of Isaiah and Paul"? 66 II-PROPOSITIONS FOR DISCUSSION (These propositions are suggested directly or indirectly by the subject-matter of The Outlook, but not discussed in it.) 1. Liberty and equality are mutually destructive. 2. Public opinion is not very old. 3. Anarchy and despotism are friends. III-VOCABULARY BUILDING (All of the following words and expressions are found in The Outlook for August 28, 1918. Both before and after looking them up in the dictionary or elsewhere, give their meaning in your own words. The figures in parentheses refer to pages on which the words may be found.) Validity (643); fustian, bombast (648); melodrama, anthropomorphic, logical (649); vanguards (645); jehad, lineal, nefarious (651); tautological, inefficacy (650), subtleties, ethical platitudes (651). A booklet suggesting methods of using the Weekly Outline of Current History will be sent on application THE NATION'S PROGRESS Believing that the advance of business is a subject of vital interest and importance, The Outlook will present under the above heading frequent discussions of subjects of industrial and commercial interest. The department will include paragraphs of timely interest and articles of educational value dealing with the industrial upbuilding of the Nation. Comment and suggestions are invited. THE MOTOR TRUCK AS THE NATION'S HOME PROVIDER I BY G. A. KISSEL F I were asked what steps are necessary to provide against delays in overland transportation during the coming winter months, I would say: Build good roads on the shortest routes connecting important centers. Protect these roads from washouts, cave-ins, and other obstructions caused by snow and ice, by building windbreaks, protection embankments, etc. Build loading sheds with platforms that permit the quick loading and unloading of goods and supplies. Form return loads bureaus and secure the co-operation of every truck owner in your community. Promote motor rural express routes among the farmers, dairymen, produce growers, etc. Consolidate all retail delivery, local express, and moving equipment. Inaugurate motor-truck highways around and through cities and communities to permit of uninterrupted passage of motor trucks. We must not forget that the winter months, with their new problems, are "just over the hill." This summer has seen increased activities in every line of business. The country has doubled and trebled its production operations, with the result that. we are apt to forget that while the summer months are conductive to such increased activities in so far as transportation and haulage of goods and supplies are concerned, the winter months are just the other extreme. Just as the different armies overseas are preparing for the long winter siege ahead by building and connecting railways, erecting supply bases and depots so that there will be no delay in carrying out the programme outlined by the general headquarters, irrespective of the intensity of the winter season, so industrial and mercantile America should do likewise. Transportation of goods and supplies is just as important, if not more so, during the winter months as during the spring and summer months. While a good many sections of the country apparently realize the necessity of preparing for the coming winter, I do not believe that America as a whole has grasped the necessity of action in this matter. The very fact that the Government is spending huge sums of money for building and maintenance of good roads, for the purpose of facilitating overland transportation, should cause every community to look into the road conditions in its neighborhood and between it and the next city, and act accordingly. It has been said that the lack of good roads is the weak link in our transportation chain. Without them the maintenance of uninterrupted schedules is almost an impossibility, because not only do YMCA WANTED YMCA 3,000 Red-Blooded Men "There is no Railroad President-no Corporation Director in America too big for the job of handling one of our huts in France," cables one of America's best known business men from "over there." Here is a chance for you men whom war has skipped. Men of the "skipped generation," men whose fathers were in the Civil War and whose sons are in this war-"regular fellows," of the in-between age, men who have made good in business, made good in times of peace, men whose success has come to them through knowing how to handle other men-three thousand of you are wanted. There's a need in France right now for such as you to take charge of Y. M. C. A. huts. These are the unarmed soldiers, nerveproof under a shower of shells, willing to sleep where they can, eat when there's a chance, able to work 16 hours a day, good mixers, ready to be preachers or friendsyes, and at need, game to the core. Three thousand such jobs are waitingat nothing per year-for those who can fill them. Nothing per year-nothing but the thrill that comes to the man who does his part, nothing but the tingle of blood that squares his shoulders and makes him say to himself: "It was my part and I did it." Write, giving full details, to Y. M. C. A. Overseas' Headquarters Y. M. C. A. Contributed through Division of Advertising, United States Gov't Comm. on Public Information This space contributed for the Winning of the War by THE OUTLOOK |