number of hymns adequate; but even when the widest sense is given to the words it is much too narrow and would exclude many of the truest hymns. Indeed, it is impossible to deny the title to innumerable compositions which do not fulfil these conditions. Many a verse of which it may be said, This is not a hymn, demonstrates its right by the fact that it is hymned by the Church from age to age.

St. Augustine's third canon may be accepted without hesitation. A poem that cannot be sung may speak in the sublimest accents of devotion, yet it is of necessity unsuited to the service of the Christian choir. Spenser's 'Hymn of Heavenly Love' is a glorious example of this form of praise. Indeed, there are some stanzas which a skilful hand might make available for use in the congregation.

O blessed Well of Love, O Flower of Grace,
O glorious Morning Star, O Lamp of Light!
Most lively image of Thy Father's face,
Eternal King of Glory, Lord of Might,

Meek Lamb of God, before all worlds behight,'
How can we Thee requite for all this good?
Or what can prize that Thy most precious blood?

Yet nought Thou ask'st in lieu of all this love,
But love of us for guerdon of Thy pain:
Ay me What can us less than that behove?
Had He required life of us again,

Had it been wrong to ask His own with gain?
He gave us life, He it restorèd lost;

Then life were least, that us so little cost.

1 Ordained.

But He our life hath left unto us free,

Free that was thrall, and blessed that was banned;
Nor ought demands but that we loving be,
As He Himself hath loved us afore-hand;
And bound thereto with an eternal band,
Him first to love that us so dearly bought,

And next our brethren to His image wrought.

Many of Herbert's and of Miss Rossetti's poems are of the same type. We would give much to add them to our hymnals, but they would be out of place there. They belong to the manual of devotion.

That the primary idea of a hymn is praise may also be granted, but even so 'praise' must be given an extensive connotation, that it may include whatever directly or indirectly glorifies God. St. Paul's exhortations show how much more than the offering of adoration is included in the province of Christian song. Our hymn-book, like the Hebrew Psalter, must have not only its songs of high thanksgiving, its sacrifice of praise, but also its prayer of the penitent as he poureth out his soul unto God, its sin-offering as well as its thank-offering, its intercessions and meditations, its instructions and exhortations, its lighter songs and melodies. 'Every feeling which enters into any act of true worship may fitly find expression in a hymn.'1

Dr. Johnson declared that sacred poetry must always be poor because the topics of devotion are few, and being few are universally known; but few

1 JOHN ELLERTON: Principles of Hymn-book Construction, p. 228.

as they are can be made no more.' To this criticism Keble replied in his essay on Sacred Poetry

How can the topics of devotion be few, when we are taught to make every part of life, every scene in nature, an occasion-in other words, a topic-of devotion? It might as well be said that connubial love is an unfit subject for poetry, as being incapable of novelty, because, after all, it is only ringing the changes upon one simple affection, which every one understands. The novelty there consists, not in the original topic, but in continually bringing ordinary things, by happy strokes of natural ingenuity, into new associations with the ruling passion.

There's not a bonnie flower that springs

By fountain, shaw, or green;

There's not a bonnie bird that sings

But minds me of my Jean.

Why need we fear to extend this most beautiful and natural sentiment to 'the intercourse between the human soul and its Maker'? 1

If, on its subjective side, sacred poetry has a wide range of topics, how manifold and how magnificent are the themes presented by the historic facts upon which faith rests, and by the great truths of the gospel! In Johnson's day no one understood how

1 KEBLE'S Occasional Papers and Reviews, 1877, p. 92. This essay, a review of JOSIAH CONDER's Star in the East, was published in the Quarterly Review, 1825. The quotation from Burns will remind many readers of Keble's own lines (Third Sunday in Lent)—

There's not a strain to Memory dear,

Nor flower in classic grove,

There's not a sweet note warbled here,

But minds us of Thy love.

large a realm belonged to the Christian singer, but we have no cause to complain of sameness or dullness in the songs of the Christian choir.

St. Augustine's second canon need not be regarded as implying that every hymn must be formally addressed to God. The very hymns (the psalms) upon which he was commenting abundantly justify our use of hymns which are rather uttered in the divine presence than actually spoken to God. The 103rd Psalm is as truly a hymn of praise, and that of God, as the 104th. After the same self-exhortation, 'Bless the Lord, O my soul,' the one continues in the form of a devout meditation, in which the consciousness that God hears is never for a moment absent; while the other at once addresses 'the Majesty on high.'

O Lord my God, Thou art very great;
Thou art clothed with honour and majesty.

Both might have ended with

Let my meditation be sweet unto Him;

civ. 34.

or, in the words of another psalm

Let the words of my mouth, and the meditation' of my heart, be acceptable in Thy sight,

O Lord, my Strength, and my Redeemer.

xix. 14.

Devout meditations which do not actually speak

The words rendered 'meditation' in these verses are not the same. The one perhaps suggests the devout meditation which is murmured half aloud, the other silent converse or communing with oneself.

to God are amongst the best and most truly devotional hymns. Watts's spiritual song,

There is a land of pure delight,

is an example of the hymn which is only indirectly a prayer; whilst

When I survey the wondrous Cross

illustrates the meditation which is partly the communing of the soul with itself, and partly (perhaps in this case only in the second verse) a direct address to God. Yet each is a true hymn. The ideal exercise of the Christian hymn-writer is the practice of the presence of God.

Not only, then, are the subjects of sacred song infinitely varied, but the forms it may assume are many. In the poet, as well as in the prophet, God speaks in divers manners.' This is seen in St. Paul's twice repeated classification, 'psalms, hymns, spiritual songs,' and by the directions he gives for the use of song in the Church.

In the Epistle to the Ephesians he writes:

And be not drunken with wine, wherein is riot, but be filled with the Spirit; speaking one to another in psalms and hymns and spiritual songs, singing and making melody with your heart to the Lord; giving thanks always for all things in the name of our Lord Jesus Christ to God, even the Father.

In the Epistle to the Colossians:

Let the word of Christ dwell in you richly in all wisdom; teaching and admonishing one another with