THE TEXT OF LOCKE'S ESSAY1
Abstraction, i. 206-7; puts a perfect
distance betwixt men and brutes,
207-8; what, ii. 18-9; an act of
the mind, i. 213-4.
Abstract ideas, why made, i. 516-7.
Abstract terms cannot be affirmed
one of another, ii. 101.
Accident, i. 391.
Actions, the best evidence of men's
principles, i. 71; but two sorts of
actions, i. 311-12, 388; unpleasant
may be made pleasant, and how, i.
362-3; cannot be the same in dif-
ferent places, i. 441; considered as
modes, or as moral, i. 481-2.
Adequate ideas, i. 502 ff.; we have
not, of any species of substances,
ii. 217-8.
Affirmations are only in concrete,
ii. 101.
Agreement and disagreement of our
ideas fourfold, ii. 168–71.
Algebra, ii. 356.
Alteration, i. 435.
Analogy useful in natural philo-
sophy, ii. 379-82.
Anger, i. 306.
Antipathy and sympathy, whence,
i. 530-1.
Arguments of four sorts, ii. 410-1;
(1) ad verecundiam, ib.; (2) ad
ignorantiam, ib.; (3) ad homi-
nem, ib.; (4) ad judicium, ib.
this alone right, ib.
Aristotle, i. 115, ii. 391-2.
Arithmetic, the use of ciphers in, ii.
Artificial things, are most of them
collective ideas, i. 425; why we are
less liable to confusion about arti-
ficial things than about natural, ii.
89-90; have distinct species, 90.
Assent to maxims, i. 43-4; upon
hearing and understanding the
terms, i. 51-4; a mark of self-
evidence, ib.; not a mark of innate,
ib., i. 169.
Assent to probability, ii. 365; ought
to be proportioned to the proofs, ii.
366, 369, 429, 442 ff.
Association of ideas, i. 527 ff.; this
association how made, 529-30;
its ill influence as to errors and
intellectual habits, 530–4; and this
especially in sects of philosophy
and religion, 534-5.
Assurance, ii. 375-6.
Atheism in the world, and so idea
of God not innate, i. 96-7.
Atom, what, i. 442.
Attention, i. 194, 299-300.
Authority: relying on others' opin-
ions, one great cause of error, ii.
456-7.
Axioms, not the foundation of
sciences, ii. 273. (See Maxims.)
1 This Index is the one appended to the early editions of the Essay, with a few
corrections.
Beings, but two sorts of, ii. 312; the
eternal Being must be cogitative,
313-5.
Belief, what, ii. 365; to believe without
reason is against our duty, ii. 413.
Best for us in our opinion, not a rule
of God's actions, i. 101-2.
Blind man, if made to see, would
not know which a globe, which
a cube, by his sight, though he
knew them by his touch, i. 186-7.
Blood, how it appears in a micro-
scope, i. 401.
Body: we have no more primary
ideas of body than of spirit, i. 407;
the primary ideas of body, ib.; the
extension or cohesion of body, as
hard to be understood as the
thinking of spirit, 410-13; moving
of body by body, as hard to be
conceived as by spirit, 413-14;
operates only by impulse, i. 171;
what, i. 225; and extension not
the same thing, i. 225-7.
Boyle, i. 14.
Brutes have no universal ideas, i.
207-8; abstract not, ib.
But, its several significations, ii. 100.
Capacity, i. 220.
Capacities, to know their extent,
useful, i. 28-9; and a cure of scep-
ticism and idleness, 30-1; are
suited to our present state, 29-30.
Cartesians, i. 453, ii. 36-7.
Cause, i. 433-4; and effect, ib.
Certainty, depends on intuition, ii.
176-8; wherein it consists, ii.
242-3; two-fold, ii. 252; to be had
in very few general propositions
concerning substances, ii. 255 ff.;
where to be had, 266; sensible
knowledge the utmost certainty we
have of existence of other things,
ii. 326-7; how certainty differs from
assurance, ii. 375-6.
Changelings, whether men or not,
ii. 237-8.
Clear and obscure ideas, i. 486-7.
Clearness alone hinders confusion
of ideas, i. 204.
Colours, modes of, i. 295.
Comments upon law, why infinite,
ii. 109.
Comparing ideas, i. 204; herein
men excel brutes, 204-5.
Complex ideas, how made, i. 205,
213-14; in these the mind is more
than passive, 214-15; reducible to
modes, substances, and relations,
215-16.
Compounding ideas, i. 205; in this
is a great difference between men
and brutes, 205-6.
Compulsion, i. 319.
Confidence, ii. 376.
Confused ideas, i. 487.
Confusion of ideas, wherein it con-
sists, i. 487 ff.; causes of confusion
in ideas, ib.; grounded on a refer-
ence to names, ib.; its remedy,
492.
Conscience, is our own opinion of
our own actions, i. 71.
Consciousness, makes the same per-
son, i. 448-51, 458-9; probably
annexed to the same individual
immaterial substance, 465.
Consciousness, necessary to think-
ing, i. 129-30, 137-8; what, 138.
Contemplation, i. 193.
Creation, i. 434-5; not to be denied,
because we cannot conceive the
manner how, ii. 322-4.
Defining of terms would cut off a
great part of disputes, ii. 135.
Definition, why the genus is used in
definitions, ii. 19–21.
Demonstration, ii. 178–9, ii. 408; not
so clear as intuitive knowledge, 179–
80; intuitive knowledge necessary
in each step of a demonstration,
180-1; not limited to quantity,
182-3; why that has been sup-
posed, 183; not to be expected in
all cases, ii. 335, 360.
Descartes, ii. 37, 286.
Desire, i. 304-5; is a state of uneasi-
ness, i. 333-4; is moved only by
happiness, 340; how far, 341; how
to be raised, 344; misled by wrong
judgment, 354 ff.
Dictionaries, how to be made, ii.
162-3.
Discerning, i. 202; the foundation
of some general maxims, ib.
Discourse cannot be between two
men who have different names for
the same idea, or different ideas
for the same name, i. 156.
Disposition, i. 387.
Disputes, whence, i. 236-7; multi-
plicity of them owing to the abuse
of words, ii. 141-2; are most about
the signification of words, ii. 150-1;
the way to lessen them, ii. 302.
Disputing the art of disputing pre-
judicial to knowledge, ii. 126 ff.;
destroys the use of language,
128-9.
Distance, i. 220.
Distinct ideas, i. 487.
Divisibility of matter incompre-
hensible, i. 417.
Dreaming, i. 132-3; seldom in some
men, 133.
Dreams for the most part irrational,
i. 135-6; in dreams no ideas but
those of sensation and reflection,
136-7.
Duration, i. 238 ff.; whence we get
the idea of duration, 239-40; not
from motion, 241-2; its measure,
246; any regular periodical appear-
ance, 247-8; none of its measures
known to be exact, 249-50; we only
guess them equal by the train of
our ideas, ib.; minutes, days, years,
&c., not necessary to duration, 251;
change of the measures of duration
changes not the notion of it, ib.;
the measures of duration, as the
revolutions of the sun, may be
applied to duration before the sun
existed, 251-2; duration without
beginning, 252; how we measure
duration, 253-5; recapitulation
concerning our ideas of duration,
time, and eternity, 255-6.
Duration and expansion compared,
i. 257 ff.; they mutually embrace
each other, 269; duration con-
sidered as a line, 267; duration not
conceivable by us without suc-
cession, 268.
Education partly the cause of un-
reasonableness, i. 528.
Effect, i. 433-4.
Enthusiasm, ii. 428 ff.; described,
432; its rise, 431; ground of per-
suasion must be examined, and
how, 434-5; fails of the evidence
it pretends to, 436-7; firmness of
persuasion no sufficient proof, 437.
Envy, i. 306.
ib.;
Error, ii. 442 ff.; causes of error,
(1) want of proofs, 443-5; (2) want
of skill to use them, 445-6; (3) want
of will to use them, 446-7; (4)
wrong measures of probability,
448 ff.; fewer men assent to errors
than is supposed, 458-9.
Essence essences of species are the
abstract ideas the names stand for,
ii. 22-3, 29-31; are all of man's
making, 23; but founded in the
agreement of things, ib.; real es-
sences determine not our species,
24; every distinct abstract idea
with a name is a distinct essence of
a distinct species, 24-5; real and
nominal, 25-7; supposition of un-
intelligible real essences of species,
of no use, 27-8; real and nominal
essences, in simple ideas and modes
always the same, in substances al-
ways different, 28-9; essences, how
ingenerable and incorruptible, 29-
31; specific essences of mixed
modes are of men's making, and
how, ii. 43-4; though arbitrary,
yet not made at random, 45-7; of
mixed modes, why called notions,
51-2; of substances, what, ii. 57;
whether nominal or real, relate
only to species, 58-62; their real
essences we know not, 64-5, 263;
our specific essences of substances,
nothing but collections of sensible
ideas, 71-2; made by men, 75;
and very various, 75-8, 80-2;
though not altogether arbitrary,
78-80.
Essential, what, ii. 57, 60-1; no-
thing essential to individuals, 58-9;
but to species, 61.
Essential difference, what, ii. 60-1.
Eternal verities, ii. 339-40.
Eternity: in our disputes and reason-
ings about it, why we are apt to
blunder, i. 493-4; whence we get
its idea, i. 252-3.
Evil, what, i. 340-1.
Existence, an idea both of sensation
and reflection, i. 163; our own exist-
ence we know intuitively, ii. 304-5,
307; and cannot doubt it, ib.;
existence of other created things,
knowable only by our senses, ii.
325 ff.; past existence known only
by memory, ii. 336.
Expansion boundless, i. 258; should
be applied to space in general,
i. 236.
Experience often helps us, where we
think not that it does, i. 185-9.
Extension: we have no distinct ideas
of very great or very little exten-
sion, i. 494-6; of body, incompre-
hensible, i. 410-13; denominations,
from place and extension, are many
of them relative, i. 437-8; and
body, not the same thing, i. 225-7;
its definition explains it not, i. 228;
of body and of space, how distin-
guished, i. 155, 235-6.
Faculties of the mind first exercised,
i. 210; faculties are but powers,
i. 321; operate not, 321-3.
Faith, as distinguished from know-
ledge, what, ii. 364-5; in revela-
tion, what, ii. 383-4; not opposite
to reason, 413-4; as contra-dis-
tinguished to reason, what, 415-6;
cannot convince us of anything
contrary to our reason, 420-3,
425-6; matter of faith is only
divine revelation, 423-4; things
above reason are the only proper
matters of faith, ib.
Falsehood, what it is, ii. 249.
Fancy, i. 199.
Fantastical ideas, i. 497 ff.
Fear, i. 305.
Figurative speech, an abuse of lan-
guage, ii. 146-7.
Figure, i. 221-2.
Finite and infinite, are modes of
quantity, i. 276-7; all positive ideas
of quantity finite, 281-2.
Forms: substantial forms distinguish
not species, ii. 65-6.
Free: how far a man is so, i. 324-5;
a man not free to will or not to
will, 325-8.
Freedom belongs only to agents,
i. 321-3; wherein it consists, 329.
Free-will: liberty belongs not to the
will, i. 319 ff.; wherein consists that
which is called free-will, 327, 345.
General ideas, how made, i. 206–7;
knowledge, what, ii. 224-5; pro-
positions cannot be known to be
true without knowing the essence of
the species, ii. 252; words, how
made, ii. 16-18; general and uni-
versal belong not to things, only
to ideas and words, ii. 21-2.
Generation, i. 435.
Gentlemen should not be ignorant,
ii. 447.
Genus and species, what, ii. 19; are
but Latin names for sorts, ii. 49;
genus is but a partial conception
of what is in the species, ii. 83-4;
and species, adjusted to the end of
speech, 84-5; and species are made
by us in order to general names,
88-9.
God, immoveable, because infinite,
i. 409; fills immensity as well as
eternity, i. 259; His duration not
like that of the creatures, i. 268-9;
an idea of God not innate, i. 95 ff. ;
the existence of a God evident and
obvious to reason, 99; the notion
of a God, once got, is the likeliest
to spread and be continued, 100;
idea of God late and imperfect, 103;
contrary, 104; inconsistent, ib.;
the best notions of God got by
thought and application, 105;
notions of God frequently not worthy
of him, 105-6; being of a God
discovered, not innate, 106, 114; de-
monstrated, ii. 306-10; as evident
as that the three angles of a triangle
are equal to two right ones, 309;
more certain than that there is any
other existence without us, 310; the
idea of a Perfect Being not the only
proof of his existence, 310-11;
whether God or eternal Mind may
be also material, 316-9; how we
make our idea of God, i. 418–21.
Gold is fixed: the various signifi-
cations of this proposition, ii. 95-6;
water strained through gold, i. 155.
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