selves somewhat in educating their children-it may be but little, but it should be enough for them to "feel it "if they are taught how they may help themselves, the next generation will take up the task more vigorously and more intelligently. Thus, and thus only, will the habit of helping themselves become the habit of the race. How sorely this habit is now needed in them only they can understand who know, from experience, how completely the system of slavery provided for all their wants. that, under that system, were expected to be met. The slave had nothing to do but work; every thing --shelter, clothes, food, medicine, and support in old age-was provided for him. He could not acquire any habit of forethought or instinct of saving. He never felt the necessity; he never saw the occasion.*

* A few mechanics among them managed to save handsome sums of money. Sometimes such a man "hired his own time," the master giving him a good "margin." The following incident will illustrate the exceptional cases, and show how singular were some of their views. The father-in-law of one of the professors in Emory College was a Virginian of property. He owned a quick-witted shoemaker rated at $2,500. The master allowed Edmund-that was his name -to "hire himself" at such figures that, in the course of some years, he accumulated between two and three thousand dollars. His master loved him, and offered to sell him to himself for $1,200-a little less than half price. Edmund took the matter into serious consideration, and declined the offer with this statement of the case: “See here, Mars Mack, I can't 'ford to own any $1,200 nigger; s'pose I lay down and die, I lose dis money." It turned out well for Edmund. He got his freedom "without money and without price," and saved his own cash. He loaned enough to "Mars Mack" to

4. But the negroes must have help from without for a generation at least. Their poverty makes this a necessity, as poverty-utter poverty-makes help necessary for not a few white people. When I say help, I mean help, not the transfer of the entire burden to other shoulders.

It is not simply their need, but it is the economy of all to help them. To put the argument on its lowest plane, it is cheaper to teach them than it is to meet the increased expenses of government that grow inevitably out of ignorance. Surely this statement needs neither argument nor illustration. It is very penny-wise and pound-foolish to withhold the help needful to enable them to help themselves to an education. There is no escape for avarice, twist and turn as it may; if it will not build schoolhouses and churches it must build jails. Thus reason and justice get their grim revenge.

Where is the money to come from to help them? 1. Partly from the "public-school" systems of the States, counties, and municipalities. Most of our Southern State systems are appallingly inadequate. The States do not support their school systems except in a meager manner. I believe the School Commissioners have done all that could be start his business again. As to himself, he did not "stick to his last." He went into politics, was elected to the Virginia Constitutional Convention, and became a "leader" of more than average sense. Poor fellow! he was killed, with so many others, in the crush-in of the Capitol in Richmond.

done with the pitiful sums of money at their command.

2. Partly from the Nation, as many wise men urge. (I am not sure of this.)

3. The people of the North should put a great deal of money in this work. Little more than the South itself can the North afford to bear the burden and peril to free institutions that come through millions of untaught negro citizens. Many of these good people have given to this work with princely liberality. But they should give more, and continue to give. There are at least two reasons that they will recognize: (1.) They made the negro a voter before he was ready, and now, by every token, they should do their best to get him ready as soon as possible. (2.) They have the money. I am glad they have wealth, for many of them make good use of it. I know of no people in the world who give so much money to the cause of education. It is an immortal honor to them. Recognizing their good deeds and great gifts in the past, I say, nevertheless, they should give more abundantly. For they have, by God's blessing, the money. The work to be done is very great, and it cannot wait without grievous loss. Moreover, the North has already invested too much money in this problem to stop now; they cannot afford to stop.

4. The Southern people should give money to help educate the negro. I do not mean only give

it as States, in the payment of taxes; but as individuals, they should, when they are able- and some are able—give money to this cause. If they would help more, perhaps they would be richer.* He was a close observer and a wise thinker who said: "There is that scattereth, and yet increaseth; and there is that withholdeth more than is meet, but it tendeth to poverty."

The details of these ways and means are not to be argued here. But "if there be first a willing mind," ways and means will be found.

* After this chapter was written I was informed that a citizen of Georgia, an ex-Confederate and ex-slave-holder of high degree, had subscribed or given $5,000 to build a college for colored people, under the patronage of one of the colored Churches in a city in Georgia. His promise is a bond, his paper "gilt-edge" at any bank. All honor to him; may many imitate his example!

THE

CHAPTER XIII.

SCHOOLS FOR NEGROES.

HERE should be separate schools for negro children. It is best for all parties. However it may be in other sections or countries, it is not best to mix the races in Southern school-rooms. Right or wrong, wise or foolish, this is a fact. All but lunatics and visionaries recognize facts. From our stand-point the Chinaman is silly for sticking to his cue the memorial and badge of his subjection to an alien race-with such invincible obstinacy. But the cue is dear to his "celestial" soul, and the wise missionary does not destroy his chance to do him good by stressing an unnecessary issue about hair. Wise reformers will consider even the weaknesses of the people they would lift up, just as wise doctors consider the peculiarities of their patients. I have known a lady thrown into hysterics by the presence of cats. What sort of doctor would he be who would prescribe cats for her hysteria-cats tied to her bedstead? If a doctor discovers that the smell of garlic produces nausea in a nervous patient, will he insist that the only chance for a cure is in mixing garlic juice in every drop of water the