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To "SPEAK BY THE CARD" (3rd S. ii 503, &c.)— I subjoin the following quotation from Hooker's Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity, which may serve to throw additional light on the exact meaning of this saying. It occurs in book i. chap. ii. § 5, ed.planation "white eagle," without some grounds of Keble. Speaking of the Eternal Law, which "God himself hath made to himself, and thereby worketh all things whereof he is the cause and author," he terms it that Law which hath been the pattern to make, and is the card to guide the world by." This guiding Law is what Hooker terms further on, "the first Law Eternal;" or more fully, "that order which God, before all ages, hath set down with himself, for himself to do all things by." Of course, it is not to be identified with Plato's doctrine of the Idéa; indeed, our author expressly disclaims this tenet of the Ultra-Realistic or Platonic schools. In the above quotation, card would evidently seem to bear the sense of "chart." The Encyclopædia Londinensis defines card to be "the paper on which the winds are marked under the mariner's needle," and quotes the following lines of Pope:

·

"On Life's vast Ocean diversely we sail,
Reason the Card, but Passion is the gale."

W. BOWEN ROWLANDS.

CHURCH USED BY CHURCHMEN AND ROMAN CATHOLICS (3rd S. ii. 56, &c.) — The division of the same church between two rival bodies of worshippers, is found in Germany. I recollect remarking, during my stay in Heidelberg some two or three years back, that the principal church of that lovely town-the Heiligengeist-kirche thus allotted to the Roman Catholics and Lutherans: the former occupying the eastern, and the latter the western portion of the sacred edifice. A partition effected a complete separation between the various parts, and the different services went on at the same time without interrupting

each other.

-was

W. BOWEN ROWLANDS.

CHURCH V. KING (3rd S. iii. 447.)—The incident alluded to is the test offered to Lothaire, King of Lorraine, by Adrian II. in 869; when he made him swear on the Eucharist that he had fully complied with the orders of Nicholas I. as to putting away Valdrada, and taking back his queen, Theutberga. He was shortly after attacked by a fever, of which he died at Piacenza. The same ordeal was proposed at Canossa to Henry IV. by Gregory VII., who had previously subjected himself to it, in token of his being innocent of the charges brought against him by the emperor. Henry, however, declined to take it. The story of Lothaire will be found in his Life in the Biographie Universelle; and is also alluded to in a note at p. 180 of vol ii. of Bowden's Life of Gregory VII., where original authorities are referred to.

VEBNA.

GODOLPHIN WHITE EAGLE (3rd S. iii. 448.)I believe that, even Editorial answers in "N. & Q.," are not exempt from comment. It seems highly improbable that Carew should have given the exapparent probability at least. First then, the Cornish form of the name is Godolghan, or Godolcan (or Godalcan): the last syllable may be the adjective can, white. Godol, or Gedol, may have been a Welsh or Cornish word unknown to the dictionaries, signifying "eagle" (probably as a descriptive epithet, etymologically combatant); even though we have no other voucher than Carew himself. That such a word (whatever be the meaning) existed in Welsh, we may learn from the name of Cors-y-Gedol in Merioneth. Davies Gilbert seems to have imagined English elements in this Cornish name. But although it is possible that Carew may be right in his division and interpretation of the name, there is another explanation to be found, I believe, in Camden. Godalcan is rendered, "wood of tin," as though it were a wood in which there are tin mines (Gôd, mutation from Coit, a wood; and alcan, tin): but while I believe that alcan is an element in the name, the first syllable seems to me to be from Cody, to raise,-"a place where tin is raised." I believe Carew to be quite right as to what the several parts of the Cornish name might mean, though wrong in so dividing the word, and applying them to this particular example; while Davies Gilbert is quite astray. LELIUS.

66

The derivation of this Cornish name from Godolghan or Godolcan, "white eagle," is ridiculous. There can be no such compound in Cornish. Scawen says Godolphin in keeping still displayed abroad the white eagle, from the Cornish Gothulgon;" and Gilbert adds, in a note, "Godolanec, in the Phoenician, is a place of tin." Pryce renders the name "the little valley of springs" (go, little; dôl, valley; phin or fince, of springs.) This is a more reasonable derivation; harsh pronunciation of dôl, and that the name but I am disposed to think that godôl is simply a valley;" or Dolfyn," the little spring." may have been originally Dôlnean, "the little

R. S. CHARNOCK.

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coast of France. But his flag-ship was, on that occasion, the unfortunate "Ramilies," which, as a contemporary poet says, never had any luck, "e'en from her rising to her setting day :'

"Not e'en Hawke's valour could reverse thy doom, But silent slept the thunders in thy womb; What time the foe, from Rochfort's tottering towers, Dismayed, yet safe, beheld the British powers." Scots' Mag. xxii. 94. He recovered his popularity the following year, in consequence of his glorious victory over Conflans.

Hawke, in 1780, headed the representation of the twelve admiral against the management of the navy by Lord Sandwich:

"Ye sailors cheer each honest name,
And waft them to immortal fame

Who clothed with honour shone;
Your Hawke, who Albion's thunder hurl'd
When Chatham's genius awed the world,
Lays truth before the throne!"

N. F. H. for Wit, ii. 161. This family is now flourishing in Yorkshire at their patrimonial seat, Scarthingwill Hall. It was once alienated, but was recovered by a fortunate marriage. W. D.

CHRISTIE (3rd S. iii. 478) is doubtless one of the nicknames of Christopher, and Stopher may be from the last part of the name. From the other nickname, Kit, we have Kitchen, "little Kit;" while Kitchener and Kitchiner are perhaps from cyttenere, an old word for a citizen. R. S. CHARNOCK.

PLATFORM (3rd S. ii. 426, 475.) Shakspeare uses the word in the First Part of Henry VI,

Act II. Sc. 1: —

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PRAED'S POEMS (3rd S. ii. 519.)-I notice that J. P. O. suggests a reason for the publication of Praed's Poems in the United States. He was descended, I believe, from a branch of that family which continued in England; and to which belonged a Stephen Winthrop, an eminent London merchant, who died about 1750. I think Miss Mitford was hardly just in terming his name "the vulgar abomination of this conglomeration of inharmonious sounds." Winthrop is more correctly spelled Winthorpe, and not so very inharmonious. Was not the other a compound name, MackworthPraed, and the result of the alliance of the two families?

The reason of the publication here was the admiration felt by the late Dr. Rufus W. Griswold

for the poet. After waiting for the appearance of a complete collection of Praed's poems, Mr. Griswold published a volume of such as he could gather, and it ran through several editions.

In 1859, I edited another edition in two volumes; adding whatever I could, though I believe not to the acceptance of most of my critics. I do not repent of the step, because I think that these successive editions have kept alive the interest in the author; and have made him known, though imperfectly, to thousands of readers here who will eagerly seek a more complete issue.

I believe I have the best authority for saying that the work of preparing a proper edition has been placed in hands most suited to it. W. H. WHITMORE.

Boston, U. S. A.

STRADELLA (3rd S. iv. 9.) — Alessandro Stradella wrote numerous cantatas, &c. One of the most interesting of his works is a serenata, from which Handel has borrowed much for "Israel in

Egypt;" the oratorio of "San Giovanni Battista" is also an important work, and contains an aria, "Anco in cielo," bearing some resemblance to Meyerbeer's "Ré del cielo" in the Prophète. Stradella's published songs are "Se i miei sospiri," or "Pietà Signore,' ," "Anco in cielo," and "Se nel ben." Amongst those in MS. will be found "San Giovanni Battista" (an oratorio), a serenata, sixteen duets, thirty-one Italian madrigals, “Idalma," opera (this is doubtful), twenty-eight duets, and various motetts, &c. R. E. L.

477.)-Your correspondent, T. J. BUCKTON, has mistaken my query (3rd S. iii. 407), and indeed I do not see how he has answered it at all. He has merely given the reigning sovereigns since Christiern III., and should therefore have written No.

PRINCE CHRISTIERN OF DENMARK (3rd S. iii.

in his list, as Christiern VIII., and his son as Frederick VII. But what I want is the direct

male descent of Prince Christiern from Christiern
III., through a son John, who was, I believe,
Duke of Holstein.
G. W. M.
Burning Alive (3rd S. iv. 5.)—JEAN LE TROU-
VEUR says:-

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Burning alive was no more a reality than John Doe and Richard Roe; and the obstinate retention of the form of the sentence, for generations after it had ceased to be executed, proves not the cruelty of our ancestors, but the extraordinary pedantry of our lawyers," &c.

To be drawn on a hurdle and burned alive was the sentence of the law on women convicted of petit treason. By 30 Geo. III. c. 48, hanging was substituted for burning; and by 3 Geo. IV. c. 114, petit treason was placed on the same footing as murder. The pedantry of lawyers has nothing to do with sentences, and a judge before the 30 Geo. III. c. 48, had no more power to order a petit traitor to be hanged than to be boiled. Up

to that time many women were strangled contrary to law, and I believe one or two, from carelessness or mismanagement, legally burned. H. B. C.

U. U. Club.

BLACK MONDAY (3rd S. iv. 6.)-My friend, MR. NORTH, may rest assured that the term "Black Monday," in the extract from the parish accounts of St. Martin's quoted by him, refers to Easter Monday, and to no other day; for, although, as is very probable, neither the Mayor of Leicester, nor few, if any, of his municipal subjects might be aware of its origin (as stated by Mr. Halliwell), we know that a popular epithet, or nick-name, is as tenacious of existence as a cat, and may be in common use long after its origin may have passed beyond "the memory of the

oldest inhabitant."

The reason why the Mayor commanded the bells to be rung on that day is to be found in the fact, that an annual hunting took place on the Dane's Hills, near Leicester, on Easter Monday, which was attended by the Mayor and Corporation in state, the proceedings ending with a feast at the Mayor's expense.

There is an entry in the Hall Book, dated 1633, of the ten occasions in the year, appointed for the wearing of scarlet robes, the seventh being "Easterday and Blacke Munday."

Leicester.

WILLIAM KELLY.

SUBSTANTIA (3rd S. iii. 470.)-The equivalent of the Latin substantia is the Greek overía, of universal adoption from the categories of Aristotle. So in the fourth century, during the Arian divisions, the compound consubstantialis was the equivalent of the Greek ὁμοούσιος.

In the Stoic philosophy, ovoía is equivalent to An, matter. Substance is that which stands under and supports the attributes of form, colour, &c. whereby such substance or matter is made apparent to the mental faculties. Instead of substance, the word essence will better represent the ooría of Aristotle. Spinoza's definition of substance is existence.

The word oraσis is appropriate to medicine, as an abscess, or sediment; to architecture, as the base of a temple. Metaphorically it meant ground-work, argument, firmness (2 Cor. ix. 4; xi. 17; Euseb. Hist. v. 1), a resolution, reality as opposed to appearance (Heb. i. 3, Aristot. Mundo, iv. 19; Artemidor. Onirocr. iii. 14); substance or nature, and finally, in Greek dogmatic theology, persona, or person of the Trinity, the idea being borrowed from the Latins.

Quotations from the Greek and Latin fathers, showing their use of these terms, would be tedious

Ambrose, De Fide, iii. 7, p. 74 a; Augustin, De Trinitate, vii. 5, p. 861 a.

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and unsatisfactory. The Greeks impugned the poverty of the Latin tongue (Greg. Naz. Orat. xxi. p. 46.) Dr. Hampden says: "The theological vocabulary of the Latins appears not to have been settled before the writings of Augustine." (Bampton Lectures, p. 471.) But Augustine's terminology is not up to the standard of the present age or that of the Scholastic Fathers; thus he speaks of the three persons as tres substantiæ (De Trin. vii.) Aquinas says that substantia answers to hypostasis in Greek (Summa, xxix. 3), which is true only as to previous and erroneous use. The Athanasian Creed applies the word substance in two distinct senses, in the expressions "God of the substance of the Father, and man of the substance of his mother," where the meaning in modern phraseology is God of the essence or spiritual substance of the Father, and man of the fleshly substance of his mother. (See Hampden's Bampton Lecture, iii. pp. 126, 469.) T. J. BUCKTON.

FIRST DANISH INVASION (3rd S. iii. 467.) — There is no historical authority for the impression that England was first invaded by Normans from France. Bede and other authorities date the first invasion in 787; but Snorre, speaks of Ivar Vidfadme, King of Scania, in the sixth or seventh century, who subjected to himself a fifth part of England or Northumbria. (Turner's Anglo-Saxons, iv. iii. 474.) It was not till 796 that the Normans commenced infesting the coasts of the empire of the Franks. (Koch, i. 79.) The palaces built by Charlemagne at Nimeguen and Aix-la-Chapelle were burnt by the Normans in 881 and 882, when they sacked Liege, Maestricht, Tongres, Cologne, Bonn, Zulpich, Nuys, and Trèves (Koch, i. 81.) They first invaded Ireland in 795. They established a colony in Iceland in 874, and the empire of Russia in 850. The power of Charlemagne, who died in 814, preserved France from their incursions; but in the reigns of Charles the Bald and Charles the Gross, 840 to 887, that country suffered greatly from the Normans. Their ravages were extended to Spain, the Balearic Isles, Italy, Greece, and the shores of Africa (Koch, i. 81.) The words "triduò, flantibus Euris, vela penduntur" (Script. Rer. Dan. i. 236) which are Thierry's authority, apply, I conceive, to the three days they were under sail from shore to shore; thus the distance being about 360 miles, gives a rate of five miles the hour, and this would bring them to the east coast of England only, whence they would proceed to the south coast in about three days more with favourable winds. Thierry has not regarded this question from a nautical point of view. T. J. BUCKTON.

Lichfield.

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, as all know, ascribes the first incursion of the Danes into Eng

land to the year 787. It may be doubted, how-by an ancestor of the grandfather at the sale of ever, whether this is the correct date. It is not improbable that it is a postponement.

In the Collection of letters of S. Boniface and others published by Dr. Giles, there occurs an epistle from Bregwin to Lull, the successor of S. Boniface. Dr. Giles attributes to this epistle the

date "circ. A.D. 761."

The proem of the letter is in these words: “Dies multi elapsi sunt, ex quo sollicitus præoptabam, ut Deo favente, tandem aliquando prosperum iter legatarii nostri perveniendi ad Beatitudinem vestram invenire potuissent; quia per hos scilicet proxime decurrentes priores annos, plurimæ ac diversæ inquietudines apud nos in Britanniæ vel in Galliæ partibus audiebantur existere, et hoc videlicet nostrum desiderabile propositum sæpius impedivit, et perterrendo valde prohibuit de nostra aliquos ad vos dirigere per tam incertas tamque... crebris infestationibus improborum hominum in provincias Anglorum seu Galliæ regiones. Nunc vero, pace ac tuitione nobis a principibus indubitanter undique promissa, misimus ad vestram Venerabilem Fraternitatem hunc præsentem fratrem istarum præsentium literarum bajulum, &c."-S. Bonifacii Opera, vol. i. p. 245, epist. cxx.

These passages can refer to the incursions into England and France of no other barbarians than the Danes; but the date of the epistle clashes materially with the epoch assigned by the chronicle. Is Dr. Giles's imputed date correct? (See his own warning Postscriptum to the first volume.) H. C. C.

THE

PROVERB: "THE GRACE OF GOD IN HIGHLANDS" (2nd S. xii. 309, 357.)- Pennant records an ill-natured proverb applicable to the people of the Carse of Gowrie in Perthshire: "They want water in the summer, fire in the winter, and the grace of God all the year round." (Chambers's Journal, 1834, p. 79.)

JOB J. BARDWELL WORKARD, M.A. ABBOT WHITING'S WATCH (3rd S. iii. 448, 476.) As Abbot Whiting's watch has been made a subject of inquiry in "N. & Q.," perhaps the following notice of a portion of its history, previous to the Duke of Sussex's sale, may not be unacceptable.

The Rev. Richard Warner, in his History of Glaston, tells us (p. lxxiv.) that the watch and the abbot's private seal appending, were at that time (1826) in the possession of the Rev. John Bowen, Minister of St. Margaret's Chapel, Bath, holding also other preferments in the county of Somerset, and well known for his musical partialities. Mr. Warner has added that Mr. Bowen purchased it in 1783 of Mr. Howe, a watchmaker, at Bishop's Lydeard, Somersetshire, who had acquired it at a sale by auction of the goods of the Rev. Mr. Paine, who had lived to the age of nearly 100 years, and in whose family a tradition had been held that the watch and seal had been

successively worn by himself, his father, and his grandfather, and that they had been purchased

Abbot Whiting's personal property after his execution, and the dissolution of the monastery. On Plate xvII. in the History of Glaston, is given a representation of the watch and seal.

X.A. X.

MOSSING A BARN (3rd S. iv. 28.)—It is now generally the practice, especially in exposed situations, to "point" the inside of the roof of a barn similarly to that of a house, i. e. to plaster up the joints between the slates so as to prevent driving rain and snow from finding an entrance. Formerly the same end was attained by "mossing" the roof; in other words, by stuffing the joints and crevices in the slates, from the outside, with dry moss or other suitable material. The slates then, as now, were laid on laths and spars. In proportion as blue slate has been introduced, mossing has been discontinued. Your correspondent will still find, in some wild out-lying districts of Lancashire, where the native rough grey (stone) slate is used, the old custom retained. J. M. H.

EPIGRAM (3rd S. iii. 499.)-I think the Soles and Eels were more likely than the Kraken to have heard first the sound of boots on the stairs of the C. W. B.

Ark.

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TWILLED BRIMS: FLORAL CROWNS (3rd S. iii. 464.)-S. H. M.'s explanation that "Thy banks" are the banks, not of rivers, but of Ceres and cereals, and mine that the relative "which" has reference to these banks, and not to their "twilled brims;" and that the "chaste crowns were primrose wreaths, agree with and support one another, and this unintentional agreement may be taken as a further proof of their correctness. proof is to be found in the now easy interpretation of twilled. In modern French, the word touiller is used, I believe, in a more restricted and technical sense; but Cotgrave gives it as meaning "filthily to mix or mingle Also, to bedirt, begrime, besmear, smeech, or beray." And in evidence of its use as an agricultural term, we find under touillé the old saying, "Avoine touillée croist comme enragée' "In miry ground oats grow like mad." Shakspeare, therefore, companioning the strange and foreign word pioned with another, has used twilled as derivable from this root; and the digging and bemiring of the brims or edges of the banks is the "ditching" and throwing up of the dug soil mentioned by S. H. M. Moisture is favourable to primroses, and the earlier showers of February and March produce that miry state of the ditch bottoms which is euphemised by twilled. BENJ. EASY.

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at Westminster School, 1811. The subject of vaccination and the attacks made upon it is treated with great humour. Quare, Would it be worth reprinting in "N. & Q."? H. H.

Miscellaneous.

NOTES ON BOOKS.

Portraits of Men of Eminence in Literature, Science, and Art; with Biographical Memoirs. The Photographs from Life by Ernest Edwards, B.A. Parts I. and II. (Lovell Reeve & Co.)

This is a good idea, well carried out. Public taste, which is never wrong in the long run, is so decidedly in favour of the small carte-de-visite size for portraits of notabilities, that a series of such portraits to be successful must consist of what Hamlet so well describes as "pictures in little;" while the want of some short biographies to accompany the portraits, with which everybody's Album is now filled, has long been felt. In the work before us, Mr. Lovell Reeve combines the two desiderata. The first two parts contain excellent portraits of Lord Stanhope and Thackeray, who represent the men of eminence in literature; while the department of science is as fitly represented by Sir C. Lyell and Sir R. Murchison, and that of art by Foley and David Roberts. The biographical memoirs are short, and to the point; and if the work continues to be carried on in the spirit in which it is commenced, it can scarcely fail to be a very popular

one.

The Races of the Old World. A Manual of Ethnology. By Charles L. Brace. (Murray.)

One glance at the extensive list of authorities appended to Mr. Brace's volume, sufficiently justifies his remark, that the facts in ethnology are scattered through such a number of varied works, that it is impossible to take a thorough survey of the subject without a vast deal of labour. It is the object of the work before us to abridge that labour, and to furnish the large number of persons who are interested in the study of history, whether in academies or colleges, or among people of business and professions, in a brief and clear forin; with the latest and most trustworthy results of scholarship and scientific investigation, bearing on the question of races. The manual treats, first, of the leading races in the earliest historical period; secondly, of the primitive races in Europe; thirdly, of the leading races of Asia in the Middle Ages; fourthly, of the modern ethnology of Asia; fifthly, of oceanic ethnography; sixthly, of the ethnology of Africa; seventhly, of the races of modern Europe; and lastly, of the antiquity of man, and the question of unity or diversity of origin. The present treatise, which is rendered more useful by a very full Index, is to be followed by another upon the "Races of the New World."

Lectures on the History of England. By William Longman. Lecture IV., comprising the Reign of Edward I. A.D. 1272 to A.D. 1307; Lecture V., comprising the Reign of Edward II., A.D. 1307 to A.D. 1327. (Longman.)

Mr. Longman is a bold man to venture, after enjoying the sweets of publishing, to encounter the pains and perils of authorship. But boldness in this, as in most other cases, has been attended with success; and those who desire to refresh their memories with the more striking points in the history of England, have reason to be thankful to the incumbent of Chorleywood for inviting Mr.

Longman to lecture to his agricultural neighbours. It is clear that, when the Lecturer undertook the task, he determined to discharge it in a satisfactory manner. The facts have been collected with diligence and judgment, and the story is told in good plain intelligible English; and we are very glad that the good sense of the Chorleywood audience showed such an appreciation of Mr. Longman's labours as to induce him to revise and publish them.

Worcester and Worcestershire Antiquities. Descriptive Catalogue of the Museum formed at Worcester during the Meeting of the Archæological Institute of Great Bri tain and Ireland in 1862. (Worcester: Deighton & Son.)

Those who had not the good fortune to be at Worcester will find in this Catalogue of the Museum there formed, some idea of the loss they thus sustained. The Collection was one of special interest for its richness in objects of local interest; and antiquaries generally are greatly indebted to Mr. Way and his Worcestershire friends, first, for forming so interesting a Collection, and next, for giving us so good an account of it.

THE RECONNOITERER-We have received from Messrs. Salom one of the extraordinarily cheap and excellent glasses sold by them under this title. We have tested it very strictly, and find it as good as it is cheap. It is powerful, sharp, and distinct. What intending tourist, who has not a good glass, will now start without one, when half a sovereign will make him master of such an indispensable companion to a pleasure trip?

BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES

WANTED TO PURCHASE.

Particulars of Price, &c. of the following Books to be sent direct to the gentleman by whom they are required, whose name and address are given for that purpose:

THE RECORD OF THE HOUSE OF GOURNAY.
JACOB BERMEN'S WORKS. 4 Vols. 4to.
BRYDOE'S BRITISH BIBLIOGRAPHER. 4 Vols.
CENSURA LITERARIA. 10 Vols.

Wanted by Mr. R. Simpson, 10, King William Street,
Charing Cross, W.C.

Notices to Correspondents.

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Archbishop Leighton's Library at Dumblane, The "Faerie Queene Unveiled (Letter II.), Mr. Ferrey's paper on The Traitor's Gate, Tower of London. Ring Mottoes. The Knights Hospitallers, and other interesting papers are unavoidably postponed until next week. C. Received

F. R. R. (Milnrow) has our best thanks.

C. M Q. The Earls of Moray appear to have descended from the Royal House of Stuart. See Douglas's Peerage, ii. 255; and Burke's Peerage, 1863, p. 750.

G. P. L. Only a second part of The Book of Entertaining Knowledge was published, containing Religious Sects and Ceremonies, and the Habitations of Man.

F. MEWBURN. The most convenient work to consult on the Roman Roads is Richard of Cirencester on the Ancient State of Britain, reprinted in Bohn's Antiquarian Library.

ERRATA. 3rd S. iv. p. 31, col. ii. line 1, for "Davidson "read" Davison:" line 48 after "afforded me," add at the end of the first week;' p. 35, col. ii. line 2, for “ allusions" read" allusion;" line 31, for "bid" read" bed."

"NOTES AND QUERIES" is published at noon on Friday, and is also issued in MONTHLY PARTS. The Subscription for STAMPED COPIES for Six Months forwarded direct from the Publishers (including the Halfyearly INDEX) is 118. 4d., which may be paid by Post Office Order in favour of MESSRS. BELL A D DALDY, 186, FLEET STREET, E.C, to whom all COMMUNICATIONS FOR THE EDITOR should be adgressed.

Full benefit of reduced duty obtained by purchasing Horniman's Pure Tea; very choice at 38. 4d. and 48. "High Standard" at 48. 4d. (formerly 48. 8d.), is the strongest and most delicious imported. Agents in every town supply it in Packets.

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