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resentment which caused the Commons to take his life. The Lords were intimidated and passed the attainder. The king, who had given Strafford a solemn pledge to protect him, now betrayed him. Strafford magnanimously returned the king's promise, but in signing the death warrant of Strafford and Laud, Charles I. signed his own.

The trial of Charles I. (4 St. Tr. 990) was not, of course, conducted according to the

I I

-verdict

id that

war had closed with a treaty Charles sealed his fate when he Penn bring on the second war while no. conducting friendly relations with Parliament. His condemnation was an act of war, and rests upon the same grounds as the war itself. It was a struggle to the death, and the king lost. Certainly the author of the attempt upon the Five Members (4 St. Tr. 83) was not entitled, as Mr. Morley says in

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