"ON APPOINTMENT TO ANY OTHER ECCLESIAS

TICAL DIGNITY, BENEFICE, OR OFFICE.

"Every person in holy orders appointed to any ecclesiastical dignity, benefice, or office other than those above mentioned, who on such appointment would now be required to make or subscribe any declaration with reference to the thirty-nine articles, the Book of Common Prayer, or the liturgy, or to take the oath against simony, shall, in lieu thereof respectively, make or subscribe the declaration of assent, and the declaration against simony.

"VIII. In addition to the above recommendations, we submit the following suggestions with regard to two subjects, which do not, perhaps, fall strictly within the limits of the inquiry with which we have been charged by your Majesty :

"1. We have recommended the substitution of a declaration for the present oath against simony; to this recommendation we desire to add an expression of our opinion, that the law on the subject of simony urgently requires revision.

2. There is another class of oaths, required to be taken by the clergy of the United Church of England and Ireland,' on admission to certain ecclesiastical dignities, namely, those taken in virtue of cathedral statutes by bishops, deans, archdeacons, and canons. We have considered this subject, and being of opinion that some doubt may be entertained whether the oaths in question fall within the scope of

your Majesty's commission, we content ourselves with expressing our opinion that it is highly desirable they should be revised by competent authority.

"IX. These recommendations we now humbly offer to your Majesty. To carry them. into effect some alterations must be made in the canons of the church, and some in the statutes of the realm. We trust that our proposals will be willingly accepted both by the Church and by the State."

The report was signed by C. T. Cantuar., W. Ebor., Marcus G. Armagh, Richard C. Dublin, Stanhope, Harrowby, A. C. London, C. R. Winton., C. St. David's, S. Oxon., Lyttelton, Cranworth, Ebury, E. P. Bouverie, Stephen Lushington, Spencer H. Walpole, Joseph Napier, John Taylor Coleridge, Charles Buxton, H. H. Milman, H. Goodwin, John Sandford, William Jacobson, J. A. Jeremie, Henry Venn, W. G. Humphry. Thomas Fassett Kent, Secretary.

9th February 1865.

THE CENSUS.

CENSUS OF ENGLAND AND WALES: GENERAL REPORT.

§ I.-Population, Houses, and Families.

1. Persons absent from the United Kingdom. -The people of these islands are more movable than other nations, and large numbers of them are always abroad, sometimes on distant voyages, sometimes on the Alps, sometimes in the deserts of Africa, or in the strangest places; but generally in ships at sea, in the great commercial entrepôts, in the capitals of Europe, in our colonies, or in the States of America. The measures which were taken to procure the returns of the army and navy, and merchant seamen abroad, either on sea or land, have been successful. The numbers exceeded a quarter of a million (250,356); of whom 162,273 belonged by birth to England and Wales. The army and navy of a country are an integral part of its population; they should, therefore, be counted among its numbers. But the population of travellers and of temporary settlers in other states are less accurately defined; their numbers are not easily ascertained, and they are

represented to some extent by exiles and foreign visitors in England. They are, therefore, exIcluded from our tables. The number of the British subjects, including the Scotch and the Irish, abroad, of which we have returns, was 67,969. This number does not include the English in America, in India, or in the colonies, neither does it include any of the English in France, except those who were domiciled. Upon the other hand, some of the people born at the Mediterranean stations were inscribed in the consular registers as British subjects; but as a general rule the Maltese and Ionians are excluded from the list.

France is the country to which the English most resort in Europe, and 25,844 are domiciled there; 4092 are returned in Belgium, 827 in Holland, 1124 in Switzerland, 7365 in Germany, 5467 in Italy, including Rome, 2072 in Portugal, and 3879 in Spain, 525 in Greece, 2360 in Turkey, and 931 in Egypt; in Denmark 372, in Norway 242, and in Sweden 411; in Russia 3749. Passing to Asia, 30 of her Majesty's subjects were returned in Persia, 1072 in China, 81 in Japan, and 24 in Siam. The English population in India, according to the returns of the Indian Government (apparently defective), amounted to 125,379, including the English army, 85,008 strong. 340 English people are in the empire of Morocco. Algeria and the rest of Africa make no return. Central America returns 145 English residents, Ecuador 27, Chili 4152, of whom 3265 are males, chiefly miners, and Brazil 2838. The numbers of each of the two sexes returned abroad did not greatly differ, as the males were 36,734, and the females 31,235. In France and Belgium the women exceeded the men in number; and in Germany there was little difference. The girls at school probably affect this result. In China, Japan, Chili, Brazil, and India the men preponderated largely.

The natives of England in the United States exceed the numbers in all other countries. Mr. Kennedy, the able superintendent of the Census of the United States has favoured us with an elaborate return of the numbers of the inhabitants of each state in 1860 who were born in this kingdom, amounting in the aggregate to 2,224,743; of whom it was ascertained that 477,455 were born in England and Wales, 108,518 in Scotland, and 1,611,304 in

Ireland; 27,466 were described simply as born in the United Kingdom. In addition to these numbers, 249,970 were born in British America, and 1419 in Australia. Our information about foreigners in England and Wales is tolerably complete, and we shall refer to the details hereafter. The number was 84,090, or, exclusive of those from the United States, 76,229. This is some compensation, therefore, for the English abroad, who, as has been already stated, are not included in our numbers.

*

2. Population of the United Kingdom.-The population of the United Kingdom in 1851 was 27,745,949. The increase, which had been so great in Ireland up to the era of Catholic Emancipation, ceased after 1841; and the population emigrated in large numbers to new fields of industry, so that the increase in the United Kingdom was found in the ten years ending in 1851 to be less than it had been in any previous decenniad since the first census was taken. The rate of increase decreased, and only 709,499 people were added to the population in ten years. In the ten years following, emigration flowed in a still larger stream, for, by the returns, at least 2,054,578 British emigrants sailed from the ports at which accounts are kept; the country was engaged in a war with one of the European powers, and it was again visited by the Asiatic epidemic; so that although it was probable that the popu lation had advanced, the extent of the increase remained uncertain. All doubt, however, was dispelled by the enumeration, and the Census showed an increase of 1,575,339 people; making the aggregate population of the United Kingdom, including its army, navy, and merchant seamen abroad, 29,321,288. The increase was at the rate of 5.68 per cent. in the ten years, and of 553 per cent. annually. This gives a correct view of the rate at which the population has increased; but to determine the increase of the English race the emigrants must be taken into account.†

*2,249,355 emigrants sailed from British ports, but 194,777 of that number were foreigners.

†The emigrants of the ten years were most numerous in the early years, and left the country on an average 6 35 years before the Census of 1861; and at the English rate of increase would amount to 2,208,122 in that time, or 153,544 in excess of the original number. The actual increase was probably greater.

The facts respecting Scotland and Ireland are discussed by the commissioners for those parts of the United Kingdom; and we have now to notice the general results of the Census of England and Wales and of the islands in the British seas. Out of ten parts of the population of the country, nearly seven belong to England and Wales, two to Ireland, one to Scotland, and a small fraction (1-twentieth) to the Channel Islands. The population of England and Wales, including the army, navy, and merchant seamen abroad, was 20,228,497.

3. Increase of the Population of England and Wales.-The increase of the population of England and Wales since the last Census was 2,174,327. The increase was at the rate of 12 per cent. in ten years; or, 1.141 annually.

The emigrants of English origin in the last ten years amounted to 640,316, which makes the numerical increase since the Census of 1851 to be 2,814,643. The increase of the emigrants abroad is probably rapid, and it may be taken to represent the emigration reflux. A certain deduction must be made for the Scotch immigrants who crossed the Tweed and never returned, as well as for the Irish emigrants who settled in England. The increase in the ten years of the numbers of the Scotch and Irish in England was 120,790, which has, however, to be reduced by the increase of the Englishmen in Scotland and Ireland. The number of persons in England born abroad increased by 63,429 in the ten years; but this is counterbalanced again by the increase of Englishmen abroad, exclusive of the recorded

Total Population.

20,228,497 3,096,808 5,850,309

145,674

29,321,288

Proportion

of Population in Four Divisions of the Kingdom.

69.1

10.5

19.9

.5

100.0

emigrants. If the whole of the increase of the 184,219 persons in England, born out of its limits, be struck off, the natural increase recorded becomes 2,630,424; and it is certainly the minimum to be arrived at by estimate, the true number being between this and 2,814,643.

Taking the natural increase at only 2,630,424, the excess of the registered births over the registered deaths accounts for 2,260,935 of the number, leaving 369,489 children in ten years, or 36,950 annually, who are left unregistered under the Act, which does not enforce by penalty the registration of births on the parents or on the guardians of children. The increase of the population was at the rate of 12.0 per cent. in ten years. If the emigrants are added to the ascertained numbers, the rate of natural increase will be 15.6 per cent.; or, allowing for the Scotch, Irish, and other immigrants, 14.6 per cent. The population of England and Wales has advanced steadily through this century, from 9,156,171 people in 1801 to 20,228,497. In actual numbers, the additions during ten years of war were 1298 thousands; in the ten years 1811-21, divided between war and peace, the increase was 1718 thousands; and in the next ten years, 1879 thousands; making the aggregate population at the reform era, 14,051,986. Since the year 1831 the population, advancing firmly at a composed rate, has grown in each ten years by 1983 thousands in 1831-41, 2019 in 1841-51, and 2174 in the last ten years, making the addition to the

population since 1881 full 6176 thousands, or exactly 6,176,511. In the same period swarms of emigrants have left these shores.

The annual rate of increase of the home population was highest in the years following the peace, before emigration was developed; it was 1.533 in 1811-21, and has fallen successively to 1.141. The annual rate of increase in the sixty years of this century was 1.330, and the actual aggregate increase is 11,072,326, or 121 per cent. The population of 1801 doubled its numbers in the year 1852. At the rate of increase prevailing in the last ten years, the population would double itself in 61 years. The period of doubling, deduced from the annual rates reigning during this century, is 52 years.

4. Males and Females.-The boys born in England are in the proportion of 104,811 to 100,000 girls; but they experience a higher rate of mortality, and according to the new English life table, the rates are so finely adjusted that the numbers are reduced in the end very nearly to an equilibrium, the men and women living, of all ages, being in the proportion of 100,029 to 100,000. Such would be the state of things if there was no emigration, or if the men and women emigrated in pairs. That has not hitherto been the case; and, at the census, 10,289,965 females, and 9,770,259 males were enumerated. There was an excess of 513,706 women at home; or deducting 162,273 from their number on account of their husbands and of other men in the army, navy, and merchant service abroad, the difference is reduced to 351,433 women at home; the men of the corresponding ages being on the continent, in the colonies, or in foreign lands, unless their numbers have been reduced by higher rates of mortality than prevail in England.

To 100,000 women of all ages, in England, there are 95,008 men, of all ages, at home; or, including a due proportion (1577) of the army, navy, and merchant seamen abroad, 96,585, leaving 3,415 of the absent unaccounted for.

The proportion of men to women at home is less than it was in 1851, owing probably to the increase of the army abroad. It will be observed that the disparity in the numbers of the two sexes at home was greatest in 1801

and 1811 during the war; this was due to the men abroad in the several services. To complete this view of the proportions of the two sexes living at home, their ages must be taken into account. There is an excess of boys over girls living under the ages of fifteen: and by the life table an excess of men is provided all through the middle period of. life; but that surplus is overdrawn by emigration, so that the women exceed the men in number to a considerable extent in the early, and middle, and still more in the advanced ages, when their longevity comes into play. The excess of the emigration of males over females accounts for the present difference in the proportions of the sexes.

5. Houses and Public Institutions.-The nomadic race which once peopled these islands has a certain number of representatives still existing. Fairs and races are their field-days, and their irregular battalions are there easily passed in review. But the enumerators had to follow them to their haunts; and succeeded in discovering accounts of 7,130 who on the night of the 7th April were in the open air, in tents, or in caravans, and of 4,314 in barns, sheds, and other places of shelter. The numbers living out of houses vary with the seasons; in winter they shrink into dwellings, and in summer they swarm again in the fields, which have irresistible charms for the vagabond race, as well as for their near relatives the hoppickers and haymakers. Mixed among them. are found some of the victims as well as some of the outcasts of society. The ascertained houseless class amounted to 20,348 persons on 7th June, 1841; 15,764 on 31st March, 1851; and 11,444 on 8th April, 1861. In 1861 we found also 11,915 persons living in barges, 6,665 in inland vessels in ports, and 55,765 persons in seagoing vessels in the ports of England and Wales. Of the whole class of the population, including those in yessels, out of fixed dwellings, 75,188 were males, and 10,601 were females. Classes of the population, which in uncivilized societies are often without fixed dwellings, are now lodged, voluntarily or involuntarily, in public institutions.

Thus 26,096 criminals are in prisons; 24,345 lunatics are in asylums; 10,414 patients are in hospitals; 125,722 of the poor and infirm

are in workhouses. There are 23,598 inmates in the principal charitable institutions and asylums. The inmates of colleges and schools have not been distinguished, and a multitude of small institutions of various kinds are treated as houses.

There were 63,840 soldiers in barracks. In 1684 public institutions of various kinds were 37,778 officers and servants, with their families, in addition to the special inmates. The great mass of the population was enumerated in houses. What is a house? appears to be a question admitting of an explicit answer. And the enumerators of the United Kingdom were instructed to class under that category every habitation; each separate house comprising by definition all the space within the external and party walls of the building. Thus it became impossible to count either each room or each story as a separate house, although it might be separately occupied or owned, or might even have attached to it the privileges of voting. On the Continent, each hotel, however numerous may be its occupiers or tenants, is reckoned as one house; and the English practice was formerly sanctioned, after discussion, by the official delegates of the various governments of the world at the London session of the International Statistical Congress. Scotland is the only country of Europe in which the definition of "house has hitherto offered insuperable difficulties. In that country, the population of 3,062,294 souls has sufficient space,-19,639,377 acres, -giving six acres and more to each inhabitant; while houses in the open country enjoy the perfect security which is sought within the walled cities of the Continent; yet Scottish families, instead of living on the earth in pure air, with the sky over their dwellings, in many instances prefer lying stratum over stratum in flats, opening into a common staircase," a continuation of the street," as it has been called, which receives the organic emanations of the families on each floor. In several of the towns they, at the various Censuses up to 1851, conferred the names of houses on these flats or floors as they would be called in England, étages as they would be called in France. And the Scottish commissioners, who possessed many local advantages, do not appear to have been more successful in 1861 than we were in

1851, in getting the actual number of houses in Scotland. This must be borne in mind in comparing the houses of Scotland with those of England and other countries.

We have, in conformity with the practice since 1801, for the sake of uniformity, enumerated as houses all the distinct buildings which were inhabited, as well as uninhabited houses, and houses building; and after thus avoiding the inextricable difficulties of the "flats," we have still many heterogeneous structures mixed up with houses in the ordinary sense of that word. The house is a very variable unit; it includes in the Census the hut on the moor, the castle on the hill, and the palace; so that every one of these structures, and of the intermediate mansions and cottages, is reckoned as a house. The ordinary house varies in size and structure in town and country,-in its cubical contents, in its hearths, in its doors, and in its windows; so that to give a correct view of the accommodation which houses afford the population, and of their value, and of their sanitary influences,' a special inquiry is indispensable. The inhabited houses in England amounted, in 1861, to 3,739,505; showing since the last Census an increase of 461,466.

The great difference in these houses is shown by their annual value. Thus 519,991 houses are returned at rentals varying from 201. to 20,000l. a year; or at 521. ·8 on an average. 3,219,514 householders, or more than six in seven, pay no house duty; and the annual value can only be estimated approximatively. By this method the average rent of houses at rents under 201. a year is 91.5; and the mean annual value of all the houses in England is 157. ·5 (157. and 5 florins). The annual value of all the houses at this rate is 58,013,1817., of which 7,159,000l. is due to the 461,466 new houses erected in the last ten years. At fifteen years' purchase the dwelling-houses erected in ten years are worth 107,000,000l.; and all the houses standing in 1861 are worth 870,000,0007. 1,575,923 houses were inhabited in 1801, and the subsequent additions of new houses, besides replacing houses decayed and destroyed, leave a surplus of 2,163,582. The value of the houses has probably increased in a greater ratio than their numbers. 184,694 houses were uninhabited, and 27,805 were building