The invalidity of this trust is not affected by the clause which provides that the devisees shall receive the net rents arising from the respective houses and lots herein devised to them respectively upon the happening of certain events. Were this simply a passive trust from and after the happening of the event therein named, it might be contended that the rule against perpetuities did not apply. This contention would be based on the ground that the estates would coalesce. The word "net" takes the case out of the domain of passive trusts and makes it clearly an active trust. The word "net" means obtained after deducting all expenses. Standard Dictionary; Bouvier's Law Dict., Rawle's Revision; St. John v. Erie Railway Co., 22 Wall. 137, 148. As to what is an active trust see Stambaugh's Estate, 135 Pa. St. 597; Meacham v. Steel, 93 Illinois, 145; Perry on Trusts, § 305; Girard Life Ins. Co. v. Chambers, 46 Pa. St. 486; 26 Am. & Eng. Ency. Law, 143; Slater v. Rudderforth, 25 App. D. C. 497; MacCarthy v. Tichenor, 29 Wash. L. R. 442.

MR. JUSTICE HOLMES delivered the opinion of the court.

This is an appeal from a decree of the Court of Appeals of the District of Columbia affirming a decree of the Supreme Court upon a bill of review brought by Gabriella K. Jordan, the appellee. The decree under review was rendered in a suit for the construction of the will of Thomas Kearney and for the determination of the validity of a trust created by it, so far as the same concerned land in the District of Columbia. That decree declared the trust bad as attempting to create a perpetuity. Under the bill of review the decree was modified, on demurrer, to the extent of the interest of Gabriella K. Jordan, and the trust was declared valid as to her. 25 App. D. C. 291. The executors of the testator's heir and a daughter of the said heir appealed to this court.

Thomas Kearney died on July 5, 1896. The will disposes of land in various places. In item 3 it enumerates the tes

tator's property in Washington. In item 5, it devises this and other property upon a trust to be continued until January 1, 1928, and there and elsewhere, with the following exception, makes a fund from the Washington rents and profits to be disposed of as directed in the will. Item 6 is as follows:

"I hereby authorize and direct that my said trustees shall during the natural life of my beloved niece, Gabriella K. Jordan, pay over to her regularly each month, as soon as collected, all rents and revenues collected or derived from that certain property described in the third item hereof as lot No. 611 'M' Street, N. W., Washington, D. C.; but, in case said rents and revenues shall at any time be less than the sum of forty dollars for any one or more months, then my said trustees are hereby authorized and instructed to add to the sum so collected a sufficient amount to make the said amount of forty dollars for each and every month; it being my desire that she shall have a regular income of at least forty dollars per month, and that the same shall be paid over to her monthly; but if the income derived from said premises shall amount to a sum in excess of forty dollars per month she shall have the whole thereof."

Item 7 directs the trustee to let all the Washington property, except 611 M street, and out of the rents to pay ninety dollars a month to the testator's daughter, Constance K. Vertner, as ordered in item 5; the residue, so far as necessary, to be applied to the support and education of her three children, named, with further provisions. Item 8 gives the remainder in fee of 611 M street to the testator's grandson, provided that if Gabriella Jordan dies before January 1, 1928, he shall only receive the rents and profits, and if she dies before the grandson reaches the age of twenty-two the rents shall be disposed of as provided in item 7 as to other Washington property. In item 21 the testator, "for fear that there may be some difficulty in construing the different provisions" of the will, states his intention that all the money

arising from the Washington rents, "except that which is to go to Gabriella K. Jordan, shall be placed in a common fund for the payment (1) of taxes, insurance and repairs on said property and of the premises at Luray, Virginia; (2) of (90) ninety dollars per month to my said daughter, Constance K. Vertner during her natural life; (3) for the support, education and maintenance of my said three Vertner grandchildren until Lillie K. Vertner shall have arrived at the age of nineteen years, and until Edmund K. and Thomas K. shall have arrived at the age of twenty-two years, respectively."

The persons in whose favor were made the provisions which were adjudged bad were one of the testator's heirs, his daughter, Constance K. Vertner, and the children of Constance. The daughter pleaded that the other heir, Edmund Kearney, also provided for in the will, died, leaving her his heir, that the trust was bad, and, by implication, that she was entitled to the property which it embraced. She now is dead. By the original decree the whole trust fund, including that given to Gabriella Jordan, went to the testator's heirs as property undisposed of by the will. The only person dissatisfied with that decree was Gabriella Jordan, and on the other hand the executor and children of Constance are the only appellants from the decree on review. According to the rule that has been laid down in this court, Gabriella, as she did not appeal, cannot go beyond supporting the decree and opposing every assignment of error. Mount Pleasant v. Beckwith, 100 U. S. 514, 527; The Stephen Morgan, 94 U. S. 599; Chittenden v. Brewster, 2 Wall. 191, 196; Field v. Barber Asphalt Paving Co., 194 U. S. 618, 621. We assume this rule to be correct. Although her counsel attempted to argue the validity of the trust as a whole, and other questions, we assume, without deciding, the decree to be unimpeachable and right except so far as appealed from. Therefore we shall confine ourselves to considering whether the gift to Gabriella is so intimately connected with the failing scheme as to fail with it.

It would be a strong thing to say that we gather from this will an intent that, if the trust so far as it concerns the testator's descendants should fail because they prefer to take the property by intestacy free from the limitations of the will, therefore the one gift outside his family should be defeated also. The trust is not a metaphysical entity or a Prince Rupert's drop which flies to pieces if broken in any part. It is a provision to benefit descendants and a niece. There is no general principle by which the benefits must stand or fall together. It is true that all the Washington property was given to the trustees in one clause and that a part of the scheme in favor of the testator's grandchildren was the creation of a fund from the rents. But, as is stated in item 21, 611 M street was excepted from the scheme, and the whole income of this lot, or in other words an equitable estate in the specified land, is given to Gabriella Jordan for life by item 6. If that were all we see no reason for a doubt that that gift would be good, whether the gifts to the other beneficiaries were good or not. The fact that the testator's daughter takes all the rest of the property instead of her children getting a postponed interest in a part, is no ground for denying to the niece the life estate given to her in an identified and excepted piece of land. It does not make the case any worse that part of the property thus going to the testator's daughter is the remainder in the estate given to his niece.

The appellants lay hold of the instructions to the trustees to add to the rents enough to make Gabriella's income up to forty dollars a month, and argue as if the gift were in substance only a gift of forty dollars a month from a fund that cannot be established. Such is not the fact. The gift is primarily and in any event a gift of the income of 611 M street. But whatever may be the fate of the rest of the trust we see nothing to hinder the trustees from keeping the income up to forty dollars from the other property devised to them. Of course they could not derive income from property not included in the trust, and only the property included is charged with

the liability. The decree may be modified by inserting after the words "against his entire estate" the words "in the District of Columbia."

It is objected in argument, although not in the pleadings, that the widow of Edmund Kearney has a right of dower in the Washington estate which descended to him, and that she should have been made party to the bill of review. The fact of the widow's existence does not appear of record as against the appellee, and we agree with the Court of Appeals that the objection is made too late.

Decree affirmed.

FIDELITY MUTUAL LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY v. CLARK.

APPEAL FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE UNITED STATES FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF TEXAS.

No. 25. Argued October 15, 16, 1906.-Decided October 29, 1906.

A man and his sister conspired to defraud an insurance company; the former having insured his life disappeared and the latter as beneficiary filed proof of death, brought suit, and recovered judgment after verdict by a jury; the company defended on ground that insured was alive and claim was fraudulent. The judgment was affirmed and the company paid the money into court. In order to have the suit prosecuted the beneficiary had made contingent fee contracts with attorneys which had been filed and the money was distributed from the registry of the court to her and the various parties holding assignments of interests therein. The insurance company, having afterwards found the insured was alive, sued in equity the beneficiary and also her counsel and their assignees to recover the money received by them respectively. No charge of fraud was made against anyone except the beneficiary, but notice of the fraud was charged against all by virtue of the company's defense. The defendants claimed that under the Seventh Amendment the question of death of person insured could not again be litigated. The bill was dismissed as to all except the beneficiary.