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Of the foreign-born families, 80.5 per cent pay under $3 per month per person. A relatively large proportion, 42 per cent, pay under $2. All of the specified races show the greater proportion of families paying under $3 per month per person, and the greater proportion of the South Italian and Polish families pay under $2.

BOARDERS AND LODGERS.

The practice of wives of immigrant employees of keeping boarders or lodgers in order to supplement the earnings of their husbands has already been discussed, and the extent of this practice and its effects upon living arrangements is set forth in the following series of tables. The first table which follows shows by general nativity and race of head of household the number and percentage of households keeping boarders or lodgers:

TABLE 50.-Number and per cent of households keeping boarders or lodgers, by general nativity and race of head of household.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[Information relating to boarders or lodgers covers only immediate time of taking schedule and not the entire year. Boarders are persons who receive both board and lodging.]

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Of the 272 households studied in this industry, 15.4 per cent keep boarders or lodgers, the households the heads of which are foreignborn reporting 16.3 per cent as compared with 4.8 per cent of the households the heads of which are native whites born of native father. Among the households the heads of which are foreign-born a much larger proportion of the Polish households than of the households of any other race keep boarders or lodgers.

The following table shows, by general nativity and race of head of household, the average number of boarders or lodgers per household. The averages are computed (1) on the total number of households. studied and (2) on the number keeping boarders or lodgers.

TABLE 51.—Average number of boarders or lodgers per household, by general nativity and race of head of household.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[Information relating to boarders or lodgers covers only immediate time of taking schedule and not the entire year. Boarders are persons who receive both board and lodging.]

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Of 272 households studied in this industry, 42 keep boarders or lodgers. The average number of boarders or lodgers per household based on the total number of households, is 0.24, while the average number based on the number of households keeping boarders or lodgers, is 1.52. The foreign-born report an average number of boarders or lodgers per household slightly in excess of that shown in the total. As compared with the foreign-born the native-born of native father show a very low average number of boarders or lodgers per household. Among the foreign-born the Poles report an average number of boarders or lodgers per household slightly lower than the average shown by all other households combined.

SIZE OF APARTMENTS OCCUPIED.

As regards the range in size of apartments occupied, the following table shows, by general nativity and race of head of household, the number and percentage of households occupying apartments of each specified number of rooms:

TABLE 52.—Per cent of households occupying apartments of each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household.

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None of the 272 households studied in the preceding table occupy apartments of 1 room; 2.9 per cent occupy apartments of 2 rooms; 23.2 per cent occupy apartments of 3 rooms; 48.2 per cent occupy apartments of 4 rooms; 19.5 per cent occupy apartments of 5 rooms; 4.4 per cent occupy apartments of 6 rooms; and 1.8 per cent occupy apartments of 7 rooms or more. A smaller proportion of the households the heads of which are native-born than of the households the heads of which are foreign-born occupy apartments of each specified number of rooms under 5, while the reverse is true as regards the proportion occupying apartments of each other specified number of rooms. None of the households the heads of which are Hebrew or Syrian, as compared with 10.7 per cent of the households the heads of which are Armenian and 1.5 per cent of the households the heads of which are South Italian, occupy apartments of 6 rooms. The households the heads of which are South Italians show the smallest and the households the heads of which are Armenians show the largest proportion occupying apartments of 5 rooms. The households the heads of which are Armenians show 10.7 per cent, as compared with over 20 per cent of the households of each other race, occupying apartments of 3 rooms.

SIZE OF HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.

The range in size of households is set forth in the table following, which shows, by general nativity and race of head of household, the number and percentage of households of each specified number of persons.

TABLE 53. Per cent of households of each specified number of persons, by general nativity and race of head of household.

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A larger proportion of the total number of households are composed of 3 persons than of any other number. Households of 4 or 5 persons are also relatively common. The most frequent size of the households of the native-born of native father is 5 persons, but a comparatively large number have 2 or 3 persons. The most frequent size of the foreign-born households is 3 persons, but an almost equally large proportion are composed of 4 persons. Large households are more common on the whole among the South Italians than any other

race.

CONGESTION.

Although the tabulations and discussion preceding are primarily concerned with congestion, the series of tables next submitted sets forth in a more direct way the degree of crowding within the households studied and its bearing upon living conditions. The first table which follows shows, by general nativity and race of head of household, the average number of persons in apartments of each specified number of rooms:

TABLE 54 Average number of persons in apartments of each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of househoid,

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS )

Average number of persons in apartments of each specified number of rooms.

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SIZE OF APARTMENTS OCCUPIED.

As regards the range in size of apartments occupied, the following table shows, by general nativity and race of head of household, the number and percentage of households occupying apartments of each specified number of rooms:

TABLE 52.-Per cent of households occupying apartments of each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household.

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None of the 272 households studied in the preceding table occupy apartments of 1 room; 2.9 per cent occupy apartments of 2 rooms; 23.2 per cent occupy apartments of 3 rooms; 48.2 per cent occupy apartments of 4 rooms; 19.5 per cent occupy apartments of 5 rooms; 4.4 per cent occupy apartments of 6 rooms; and 1.8 per cent occupy apartments of 7 rooms or more. A smaller proportion of the households the heads of which are native-born than of the households the heads of which are foreign-born occupy apartments of each specified number of rooms under 5, while the reverse is true as regards the proportion occupying apartments of each other specified number of rooms. None of the households the heads of which are Hebrew or Syrian, as compared with 10.7 per cent of the households the heads of which are Armenian and 1.5 per cent of the households the heads of which are South Italian, occupy apartments of 6 rooms. The households the heads of which are South Italians show the smallest and the households the heads of which are Armenians show the largest proportion occupying apartments of 5 rooms. The households the heads of which are Armenians show 10.7 per cent, as compared with over 20 per cent of the households of each other race, occupying apartments of 3 rooms.

SIZE OF HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.

The range in size of households is set forth in the table following, which shows, by general nativity and race of head of household, the number and percentage of households of each specified number of persons.

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