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NOTES:-Escallop Shell, 41-Dictionary of National Bio- chapiters" in temple in a good state of preservation, and the most striking object in the temple was an enormous scallop, shell in the semicircular recess in the back side, opposite the door......From an inscription we got the date of the building, about the middle of the second century A.D." Having found the scallop on the shores of a religious symbol in Dan, Tiberias, and as Bashan, and Bethlehem, and represented as used in the sacred baptism in Jordan, it is curious to notice, in regard to the connexion of the scallop with Palestine, that Parkhurst ('Lexicon,' 1823, sery Song - Trials of Animals-Reference-Drawing-P. 526) renders tzehpheth (2 Chronicles iii. 15) by Cockney Dialect-Parish Levy-A propos- Adventures shell, it being the word translated of Thomas Pellow, 48-Dies Veneris-John Smith-Hussey the A.V. If the capitals of the magnificent temple built by Solomon at Jerusalem were adorned at the corners with scallops, this may have originated "Eye-rhymes," 52-Dedications to St. Roque-Han their symbolic sacred use in the East and aftersardize"-Bayneham-Holy Week Ceremonial- Machiavelli-"Burvil"-Use of Armour-Yiddish, 54-Evelyn-wards in the West from that time, B.c. 1000. I have not noticed an earlier reference in EngVan Cortlandt-Hogg and Tannahill-Cheney GatePrime Minister, 55-Beckford-The 39th Foot-Josiah lish literature than that of Piers Ploughman' Nisbet-Peacock, 56-Ghost Story-Military Banners"Three acres and a cow Alexander Smith-Darvel (temp. Richard II.), as referred to in 'Notes on Gadarn, 57-Gillman-Cakes-"Parson's nose"-Convicts Pilgrims' Signs' (Archæologia, xxxviii, 131) :— in England, 58. "In the vision of Piers Ploughman a pilgrim is NOTES ON BOOKS:-Drucker's Ihering's 'Evolution of the Aryan-Mac Ritchie's Diary of a Tour through Great introduced on whose cloak were signs of Sinai in proof Britain-Kitton's Dickens's Novels-Thomas's Wood- that he had visited that locality:land Life'-Barrett's Carlyle's Sartor Resartus'-RobinSignes of Synay Bon's Connoisseur'-Mason's Chess Openings'-Witt's Then and Now' - Scott's Bibliography of William Morris'-'Journal of Ex-Libris Society." -St. Giles, 49. REPLIES:-John Cabot and the Matthew, 49-H. Cornish -"The black water," 51- Precise Hour-Local Areas The following mentions of the escallop may be sufficiently curious to add to those already printed in N. & Q. There being observable some little confusion between the escallop and the cockle in some writers, it may be worth noticing the scientific designation as given by Chambers (Encyclopædia,' 1865, vol. vii. p. 348) with a cut: "Pecten, a genus of lamellibranchiate molluscs, commonly referred to the same family with the oyster." "Pecten Jacobæus, a native of the Mediterranean, is the scallop-shell which pilgrims were accustomed to wear in front of their hats, in token of their having visited the shrine of St. James at Compostella. It attains A size of about four inches long and five inches broad." This similarity of the oyster to the scallop, and their being of the same family, may explain our insular oyster grottoes. It seems they are made on St. James's Day; so the oyster may simply be a substitute for the less common scallop, and the grotto be a mediæval method of honouring St. James, who had been a fisherman on Lake Tiberias (Matthew iv. 21), where scallops are still found. Wright (Palmyra and Zenobia,' 1895, p. 265) gives an interesting instance of a clearly symbolic scallop, accompanied by a drawing: "We entered the city Musmeih [in Bashan], the The most conspicuous ruin was a ancient Phoena. And shelles of Galice And many a crouche on his cloke. Not less conclusive also is the testimony of Erasmus in colloquy Peregrinatio Religionis erga' when Mene. demus asks Ogygius, 'What kind of attire is this that thou wearest? Thou art bedizened with semicircular shells, art full of images.' The reply is, 'I visited St. James of Compostella, and as I came back I visited the Virgin beyond the sea, who is very famous among the English.' In the cloister of S. Lanfranco, Pavia (fifteenth century), is a large scallop within a wreath, in the spandril of an arch. In Santa Croce, Florence, on the splendid monument of Carlo Marsuppini (fifteenth century), is sculptured in white marble a large scallop, on the centre of the sarcophagus. On the singing gallery of the Duomo, Florence (1466), are sculptured thirty scallops, in a row, in front. In the marble tabernacle in Santa Croce, Florence (1480), are two niches having scallops in the roofs. In the design for the splendid monument to Pope Julius II., by Michael Angelo, for St. Peter's (1513), are two niches in front, holding angels, and having scallops in their roofs. See this drawing, and casts of the last four in the South Kensington Museum, and also of the next two. At Lubeck is a large monument to the Wigerenick family, 1518, having a central niche with a scallop roof. A scallop is in the roof of a niche in the pulpit staircase of Siena Duomo, dated 1543. An interesting article on 'Pilgrimages in the Middle Ages' (Penny Magazine, 1836, p. 228) contains this passage: "The scallop-shells which the pilgrims wore in the front of their hats were properly speaking peculiar to the Compostella pilgrimage. Fuller, therefore, is not correct in assigning the use of this shell to pilgrims generally on the ground that it was oft cup and dish to them in Palestine. Southey's notes to the Pilgrims to Compostella' contain an old monkish legend which gives the origin of scallop-shells being worn by the pilgrims to the shrine of the Spanish saint. Popes Alexander III. (1159), Gregory IX. (1227), and Clement X. (1670) granted a faculty to the Archbishops of Compostella, that they might excommunicate those who sold these shells anywhere except in the city of Santiago, and in these documents the reason assigned is that the scallop-shell is the badge of the Apostle Santiago. In the church of St. Clement at Rome there is a picture of Sant-Iago, apparently more than 500 years old, which is decorated with scallop-shells...... The cut represents one of these shells on which St. Joseph, with a staff of palm in his hand and carrying the Infant Jesus, has been worked in bas-relief." It does not appear certain that worthy and learned old Fuller is incorrect here. Chambers, under "Pilgrim " (Encyclopædia,' vii. 538), seems to support him, for speaking of pilgrims generally it remarks: "The costume consisted of a black or grey gabardine, girt with a cincture, from which a shell and scrip were suspended, a broad hat, ornamented with scallop-shells, and a long staff." The connexion of the scallop with the sea, and Demeter with Sicily, may perhaps partly account for Palermo being "The Golden Shell" (Forbes, Campaign of Garibaldi,' p. 43). For it was in Trinacria that the interview between Baubo and Ceres took place, as Ovid mentions in his 'Metamorphoses' (by Howard, 1807, bk. v. fab. vii. p. 191): An ancient dame thence stepp'd-the goddess saw, And brought her (who for water simply crav'd) A pleasing draught where roasted grain had boil'd. But the Duke of Buckingham gives a commoner reason, which hardly seems sufficiently definite ('Private Diary,' 1862, vol. iii. p. 287):— "Near Palermo, in the valley called Il Concho d'Oro, or the Golden Shell, and so denominated from its beauty, is now to be seen a mansion of Saracenic architecture, called 'The Zitza,' But of. note by Gray, 8th S. xi. 242. P. 25 b. For "Hawick" read Hewick. P. 25 b. John Robinson preached a Sermon for Charity Schools, at St. Sepulchre's, 20 May, 1714, on St. Matt. xix. 14, 8vo. Lond., 1714. See Thoresby's 'Diary,' i. P. 30-33. Mary Robinson. Mathias, ‘Pursuits of Literature'; Gifford, 'Baviad.' ""gub P. 33 a. For "Wolcott" read Wolcot. P. 34 b. For 66 Dalbran," 19 66 Fellcroft," dean," read Walbran, Fallcroft, subdeacon. P. 39 a. For "Elton" read Etton. P. 45. Tanored Robinson was a friend of W. Derham, 'Physico-Theol.,' 1723, p. 58. P. 52. Tho. Robinson was a friend of K. White (Southey's ed., i. 41); Roberts's 'Life of Hannah More,' ii. 285, iii. 74; 'Lives' of Rowland Hill, Tho. Jones, Pratt, Simeon, Thomason, Venn; Newton's Letters to Clunie'; Overton's 'True Churchmen'; 'Eclectic Notes.' His 'Scripture Characters' was reprinted by Pickering, 4 vols., 1837; and his 'Christian System Unfolded' was reprinted in 1830. P. 56 b. There are inscriptions to the Robinsons and Montagus in Winchester Cathedral, Yks. Co. Mag., Aug., 1891, p. 249. P. 60 a. For "Language," "D. Sinker," read P. 137 a. For "Londini " read Londinium. 22 Dec., 1855, 5 Jan., 1856. P. 152 a. For "Belfreys, Yorkshire," read the Belfrey church, York. Perhaps the latest example of the scallop in EngP. 175. Romaine. See the 'Lives' of Hervey, lish sculpture is that which adorns the roof of the Rowland Hill, Lady Huntingdon, Tho. Jones, stone niche in which is placed the marble statue. Neale, Pratt, Venn, S. Walker, C. Winter, of Cardinal Newman at Brompton. A. B..G. Daniel Wilson; 'Life and Works of Toplady'; 7. 8. Loremore Room at im Newton's Letters to Clunie; Överton, a aque 'DICTIONARY OF NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY NOTES AND CORRECTIONS. (See 6th S. xi. 105, 443; xii. 321; 7th S. i. 25, 82, 342, 376; ii. 102, 324, 355; iii. 101, 382; iv. 123, 325, 422; v. 3, 43, 130, 362, 463, 506; vii. 22, 122, 202, 402; viii. 123, 382; ix. 182, 402; x. 102; xi. 162, 242, 342; xii. 102: 8th S. i. 162, 348, 509; ii. 82, 136, 222, 346, 522; iii. 183; iv. 384: v. 82, 284, 504; vi. 142, 383; vii. 102; viii, 63, 203, 443; ix. 263; x. 110, 210; xi, 83.) Vol. XLIX. Pp. 15-17. H. C. Robinson. 'Autob. Recollections,' 1870. Geo. Pryme's Churchmen.' P. 204. Sir G. Rooke. See English Historical Review, Jan., 1892, pp. 111-114. P. 221, bis. For "Haworth" read Naworth. P. 251. Alex. Ross. See Bp. Wilkins, 'New World,' 1684, part ii. pref, and passim ; Addison, 'Works,' 1726, i. 236. P. 252 a. For "Hobbs," "Hervey," "Raleigh," read Hobbes, Harvey, Ralegh. P. 266 a. Whitgift is not "near Beverley." P. 279 a. Tho. Ross. See Roscommon's 'Poems,' 1707, 31; Rochester's 'Poems,' 1707, 122. Pp. 300-1. Sir John Rotherham's name appears frequently as Rotheram. P. 332 b. For "Tangiers" read Tangier, as on pp. 400, 414, 482. P. 335. A. B. Rowan was a frequent contributor to N. & Q.'; see 2nd S. ix. 455. P. 342 b. N. Rowe. See Curll's Miscellanea,' 1727, i. 79, 132. P. 347 b. For "Hawker " read Hawsker. P. 350. D. Rowlands. See 'Life of T. Jones,' 1851, p. 7; Ryle, 'Christian Leaders.' P. 371 a, line 11. For "Rede me not" read Rede me and be not wroth. P. 376. Royston. See Bp. Patrick's 'Autob.,' pp. 60, 82. P. 383. Edward Rudge, alderman and merchant of London, bought the estate at Evesham in 1664. May's Hist. of Evesham,' 1845, 151, 287, &c.; 'Visitation of London,' 1633-5, Harl. Soc., ii. P. 404. Bp. Rundle was a friend of Thomson the poet, see 'Life' prefixed to his 'Poems,' 1768. P. 423. Wm. Rushworth. See Tillotson's 'Works,' ed. 8, 1720, preface. P. 424. Alex. Russel. See Illust. Lond. News, 10 March, 1860, p. 241. P. 426 b. For Quakeristica" read Quakeriana. Pp. 440, 488-9. The statements about the Russells of Birmingham do not agree. P. 457 b. "To summarily dismiss "? P. 465. J. F. Russell communicated reminiscences to N. & Q.,' 5' S. xi. 465-6; 6th S. i. 92. P. 473 b. "P. P." does not mean the clerk of the parish." P. 485 a. S. Johnson dedicated his 'Remarks upon Dr. Sherlock's Book,' written 1683, printed 1889, to "Wriothesly Lord Russel" q. v. Dr. W. O. Bont Norton Nearge Evesham 11. NENNIUS'S KNOWLEDGE OF OLD -In the Harley MS. of the 'Historia Brittonum (No. 3859, eleventh century) we may read (cap. lxiii., ed. Mommsen, p. 206, 11. 30–35): "Eanfled filia illius [sc. Edguini] duodecimo die post pentecosten baptismum accepit cum uniuersis hominibus suis de uiris et mulieribus cum ea. Eadguin [MS. has gum] uero in sequenti pascha baptismum suscepit et duodecim millia hominum baptizati sunt cum eo." These lines present a strange travesty of statements made in the Saxon Chronicle' respecting the same events. In the Peterborough copy of the chronicle, which is the second of the two texts revised by Mr. Plummer, we find (p. 25):— "A.D. 626.-Paulinus gefullade his [sc. Eadwines dohter on Pentecosten twelfa sum and se cining binnan . xii. monad was gefullod on Eastrum mid callum his dugo e......A.D. 627.-Her wes Eadwine cyning gefullod fram Pauline." (=within twelve months) has certainly been regarded as the initial letter of the word pasend, and "xii mona" has been rendered as though it were the equivalent of a supposititious xii. manna þ., that is, "duodecim millia hominum." The Peterborough copy of the chronicle (MS. E, twelfth century, Bodl., Laud, No. 636) has much in common with the Worcester copy (MS. D, eleventh century, Cott., Tiber. B. iv.), and embodies a considerable number of Northumbrian annals, some of which, like that quoted above, are now preserved in the Peterborough copy alone, because the Worcester copy is much mutilated from A.D. 261 to A.D. 693. A. ANSCOMBE. 28, Carlingford Road, Tottenham, COUNTY COUNCIL ENGLISH.-On 8 March the County Council for Worcestershire made some "byelaws." One of these, according to the printed "within view or hearing of any street." To attri copy, probibits the committing of certain offences bute "hearing" to a street is a piece of rhetoric that one does not expect to find in a legal dooument. Tor. W. C. Boulle SURVIVING MEMBERS OF THE FIRST VICTORIAN HOUSE OF COMMONS.-By way of supplement to MR. ROBBINS's list of surviving pre-Victorian M.P.8 (8th S. xi. 465) may be given the survivors of those who formed the first House of Commons called by the Queen on 11 Sept., 1837. I have appended their full parliamentary honours. The Earl of Mansfield (Viscount Stormont), Aldborough 1830-1, Norwich 1832-7, Perthshire 1837-40. The Earl of Tankerville (Lord Ossulston), North Northumberland, 1832-59. W. E. Gladstone, Newark 1832-46, Oxford Greenwich 1868-80, Midlothian 1880-96. University 1847-65, South Lancashire 1865-8, Col. William Pinney, Lyme Regis 1832-42, East Somerset 1847-52, Lyme Regis 1852-65. C. P. Villiers, Wolverhampton since 1835. J. T. Leader (if still living), Bridgwater 1835-7, Westminster 1837-47. Earl Fitz William (Viscount Milton), Malton, January to July, 1837, 1837-41, and 1846-7, co. Wicklow 1847-58. Sir T. D. Acland, West Somerset 1837-47, North Devon 1865-85, Wellington Division 1885-6. MR. ROBBINS is in error in styling this last a pre-Victorian member. He did not enter Parliament before the first Parliament of the Queen. The only differences between the foregoing list and that of pre-Victorian M.P.8 are the omission of the names of the Earl of Mexborough and the "Duke of Northumberland, neither of whom sat in It is not clear how " on Pentecosten twelfa sum (=at P., along with twelve others) could have been misinterpreted by "duodecimo die post P."; but the 8 in "binnan. xii. monað [One of the things for which the London County Council has to be thanked is the substitution of by-law for bye-law in the regulations of open spaces. the Parliament of 1837-41 (though both were again Leish Lancash 8.V. A HELP TO DISCOURSE. (See 8 S. xi. 300, 'Alfred John King.")-The full title of this book is : A Helpe to Discourse; or, Miscellany of Merriment, consisting of Wittie Questions and Answers, as also Epigrams, Epitaphs, Riddles, and Jests, with the Countryman's Counsellor. London ......Becket, 1619, 12mo." At least fourteen editions were published within twenty years, several of which are in the British Museum. Another work of a similar character, and evidently suggested by the former, is entitled: "A New Help to Discourse, &c. London, 1684." The latter was written by William Winstanley, and passed through several editions, the fifth having been published in 1702. Philadelphia. 327 N. Neith GASTON D BERNEVAL. mese. Damnwed "HIGH FIFESHIRE."-Carlyle is the subject of Fraser's Gallery of Literary Characters, No. xxxvii. (Fraser's Magazine, vol. vii., June, 1833). In the course of his delineation and estimate the writer says, "He is an honourable and worthy man, and talks the most unquestionable High Fifeshire." It is worthy of remark that the Ecclefechan provincialisms, some of which Carlyle retained through life, are in many respects as like High Dutch as High Fifeshire-that is, if High Fifeshire means the Scottish tongue as spoken in the county of Fife in the nineteenth century. No doubt Carlyle was for a time a wrathful assistant teacher in Kirkcaldy, Fifeshire, but his brief sojourn there would not give him the idioms and the accent of the district. Altogether, 66 High Fifeshire," on the only feasible interpretation the phrase will bear, is wrong in point of fact, while as a jest it is THOMAS BAYNE. tame and ineffectual. Helensburgh, N.B. PARALLEL PASSAGE. Quippe his crescunt patrimonia fabris: Your tippanizing, scant o' grace, Allan Ramsay, 'Christ's Kirk on the Green.' Auchterarder. "MARRIAGE LINES."-This expression popularly means the marriage certificate, I believe, though I do not find it among a number of other "lines" in Dr. Brewer's Phrase and Fable.' I have been told that after the marriage a man was about to take the certificate, but the clergyman took it from him, observing that it belonged to his wife, and he then handed it to her. Is this likely to be a fact? There can be no value now in such a certificate, except the 38. 7d. it costs to procure another copy; but formerly it was not so easy. I have had personal experience of the way in which women preserve the certificate given them on their marriage, as if it was the only one obtainable. In one case a certificate was produced to me, for use in court, where the woman had cut out the description of her father ("labourer "), and she was unable to understand that she had thus made it worthless. She was much annoyed at its having to be seen that she was of such humble origin! RALPH THOMAS. -In the South Wales Daily News recently the word "belly-can," which has not found its way into the N. E. D.,' appeared. The word and the article which it represents are the creation of the numerous attempts made to 13 Cliffor 48 "BELL ་ evade the Welsh Sunday Closing Act. It is said that the vessel, which is made of tin in the shape of a crescent or semicircle, was invented by a Dowlais publican, who used to fill it with beer and carry it under his clothes, and thus convey it past the police to the houses of his customers, making numerous journeys during the day. This went on for a long time, and the word came into very general use; but both word and article are now practically unknown, although the police found one in active use at Abercynon a fortnight ago... Auch als D. M. R. 9. hijfryd, Aberdare AND HIS NEIGHBOURS.-This is the title of a clever and amusing book, dealing with the High Church revival, and containing also a pathetic love story, published in 1876. The author's nom de guerre on the title-page was Peter Pyper, barrister-at-law." I have won dered who the writer might be, and have often been asked the question, and once was accused of writing it myself. I find, however, from recent book catalogues, that the author was the late Rev. T. W. Mossman, of Great Torrington, near Wragby, in Lincolnshire. Mr. Mossman was one of the founders of a society in the Church of England called "The Order of Corporate Reunion," and just before his death became a Catholic. GEORGE ANGUS. St. Andrews, N.B. Burton Heath in the Induction to 'The Taming of BARTON ON THE HEATH.-This village, called the Shrew,' is the subject of the following notice : "Sale of a Jacobean Mansion.-At the Auction Mart, yesterday afternoon, the Barton House estate, South built by Inigo Jones in the year 1615 for Sir James Warwickshire, comprising an original Jacobean mansion, Overbury, with its estate of about 750 acres, was sold...... for 27,000l., including the valuable timber."-Times, 10 June. The purchaser of the manor of Barton in the seventeenth century was, not S Sir James, but |