the

repugnancy of this wheat to the ruft, must be highly recommendatory, because late sowings are ever most liable to this diftemper.

With refpect to the ftraw, which is inferior in quantity to that of other wheat, about one-third, it occurs to obferve,

ift. That this circumftance produces a faving of near one-third of the labour of cutting, gathering up, carting, and ftacking.

2d. That the wheat, being short, never lodges.

3d. That it may be cut by the fcythe, almost unexceptionably.

4th. That the ftraw is not liable to be damaged by the ruft.

5th. That the grain, before and after the wheat is cut, is not liable to an equal degree of rifque, with wheat carrying a greater burden of ftraw, from rain; because this fpecies dries faster, and is got in fooner.

It may be objected, that this circumftance diminishes the great fund for raifing manure. To this it is anfwered, that the ftraw is only an offal of the crop. That no crop can be cultivated for the fake of the offal. That the impoverishment of the foil, by the growth of ftraw, is probably equivalent to the quantity produced. That hence it may be inferred, that it will require the whole furplus of ftraw, produced by the later wheat, to repair its furplus of injury to the foil, beyond the forward: and that if it were admitted, that a given quantity of land, in the later, would produce more ftraw, than the fame quantity in the former, it does not follow, that a fimilar effect would flow from a given quantity of labour; because the faving of labour, being equivalent to the deficiency of ftraw, may be converted to the extenfion of tillage, and thus more than compenfate for that deficiency.

Befides, if these arguments are juft, they exhibit an article of agricultural economy of great importance. The whole labour of removing the furplus of ftraw, of converting it into manure, and reftoring it to the foil,

is faved; and nothing is loft by this faving, because the late wheat does not rob the foil of this furplus. The forward wheat invariably produces more grain than the later, in proportion to the ftraw.

The fhortnefs of the ear is the next object of confideration, as it appears to prognofticate a diminution of the crop: It being evident that an ear, one-third longer, muft produce the moft grain, if equally well filled. The last circumftance feldom, or never happens; but if it did, it ought not itill to be conceded, that an equal quantity of land or of labour, would produce more later than forward wheat. Because,

ift. The land may probably bear being fown one-third thicker, on account of the difference in the fize of the ftraw; and if fo, the objection, arifing from a fuppofed deficiency of that article, is removed. But if, with an equal quantity of feed, the crop of grain will be equal, and land can bear more forward, than later feed; it follows, that the crop, per acre, of the forward wheat will be greater, whilft it will impoverish the foil lefs, by reafon of being feparated from it fooner. The fuperiority of the produce, per acre, is rendered still more probable, by eftimating all the exclufive cafualties, to which the later wheat is liable; and by recollecting, that the heads of the forward wheat are almost invariably best filled, and the grain heaviest.

2d. Should this expectation even turn out to be groundless, as to an equal quantity of land; yet it may be fafely affirmed, that an equal quantity of labour would undoubtedly produce an equal quality in the crop (fuppofing the two kinds of wheat to come to perfection) both as to grain and ftraw. This idea comprifes the benefits arifing from the culture of the forward wheat, within the narroweft compafs; and yet, excluding the confiderations of lefs magnitude, an improvement of the foil, and an avoidance of the exclufive calamities, to which the later wheat is liable, are

among the advantages which would ftill remain.

To form a comparative average of thefe rival crops, would require a long fucceffion of accurate experiments, as the only means by which a juft computation of the exclufive calamities, fo inimical to the later wheat, can be made. During the two years' experiments, before mentioned, the forward wheat was prefer

on it a fuperiority of price over other wheat, from fifty to an hundred per centum. A circumftance which conftitutes an encomium flowing from experiment upon this fpecies of wheat. Philad. Sept. 11, 1795.

From the American Daily Advertiser.

Plan for a Nobility in the United
States.

HEREAS a king and nobil

and in all foils. The crop exceeded, by the acre, in measure, in weight, and as to the value of the ftraw. But these results do not furnish fufficient evidence of the confequences, in cafe both kinds fhould arrive to a ftate of perfection.

The grain of the forward wheat is harder than any other with which it has been compared. It is alfo large, plump, white, and produces flour in quantity and quality equal to the beft later white wheat.

This hardness of the grain confpires with the inferior growth of the straw and fodder, to leffen the liability of the forward wheat to fprout in the field. An effect, to which its ripening in cooler weather alfo contributes.

It is very probable, that this fpecies of wheat would be a beneficial acquifition to thofe countries, whofe fhort Summers, warm climates, or wet seasons, occafion many impediments in the culture of this grain. If it were introduced into Great Bri tain, and if it should be found that the foil and climate of America, operated particularly again't its degeneracy, whilft that country would be greatly benefited, a new branch of commerce would be opened for this.

An agent at Fredericksburg or PortRoyal, on Rappahannock river, in Virginia, might probaby be able to collect, as much as one thousand bushels of this wheat. The eagerness, however, with which it is purchafed for feed by the neighbouring farmers, and the fmallnefs of the quan, tity yet grown, rapid as the increase has been, have hitherto bestowed up

a few of the good people of the United States; and the faid friends of ariftocracy and rank, are daily more and more difgutted with that oldfashioned, republican equality, which, to the noble-minded, is the worst flavery: And whereas the aimers at so happy a change in the government of our country, are, and have been, much at a lofs touching the ways and means of providing a fet of men, of fufficient wealth, merit, and fplendour, to form an hereditary and titled order; the following plan, for that purpofe, is humbly offered to public confideration, by a citizen who has employed his thoughts on that all-important fubject, and dares flatter himself, that his plan, if adopted, will, in providing as many noble lords as may be wanted, for this, at prefent, poor plebeian country, be productive of many other and great benefits to the fame.

The Plan.

Let a lift be made of all the fpeculators, as well in as out of the government, who have been prudent enough to enrich themselves in the fum of 150,000 dollars at the leaft— It is then proposed,

Ift. That to each fpeculator, having not less than 150,000 dollars, nor more than 200,000, there shall be added (either by free grant from the treasury, or by fome governmental douceur equal thereto) as much as will make up 300,000.

2d. To each fpeculator, having not less than 200,000, nor more than 300,000, to be added, in like way, as much as will make up 450,000.

The noble fpeculators of the loweft rank or grade, to be ftyled, "The order of the Leech." Their title to be, "Their Fullneffes." Their arms, "A leech, clinging to the bowels of an old foldier." The motto, "The blood of the brave, the reward of the knave."

The noble fpeculators of the next rank, to be ftyled, "The order of Modern Juftice." The title, "Their Rapacities." The arms, "A pair of fcales, balancing 2/6 with 20s. The motto, "Cheating no felony."

The noble fpeculators of the next rank, to be ftyled, "The order of the Virtuous League." The title, "Their Hucksterships." The arms, "A member of c-n-g-s, in the hand of fellowship with a brokerin the mouth of the former, a label, I'll bellow for contracts and morality-in the mouth of the latter, a label, ⚫ And I'll be buying up the FINALS." The motto, Public faith, private fraud.”

The noble fpeculators of the next rank, to be ftyled, "The order of Affumption;" or, if thought more fuitable,

"The order of the Golden Fleece." The title, "Their Piratefhips." The arms, "Three packetboats (their flag-a fheep, and its keeper, affifted by a ftranger, in the aft of fheering it) under full fail for the modern Colchis [Charleston];

and a number of expreffes in full fpeed, in different directions." The motto, "The many made for the few."

The noble fpeculators of the higheft rank, to be ftyled, "The order of Scrip." The title, "Their Influ ences. The arms, "A Janus, fitting on a pile of certificates; Modefty under one foot-Fidelity under the other; one face towards the bankthe other toward c-n-g-s; in one hand the federal conftitution, blotted and torn-in the other, a copy of the British ftatute, incorporating the bank of England." A double motto, "Public debts, private bleflings (and underneath) Corruption, the true oil for the political machine."

Manifold and great will be the advantages incidental to this, fo generous a plan.

ift. As it will ftimulate diligence and ingenuity, by fo great a reward to citizens who have fo exercised these virtues, as to poffefs themselves of the wealth of the country at the least posfible expense.

2d. As it will encourage liberty of confcience, by confering honours and revenues on the men who have nobly dared to shake off its yoke.

3d. As it will improve morality, by recommending a latitude in dealings, which our narrow-minded forefathers never dreamt of.

4th. As it will increafe the artificial energy of the government, by combining avarice with ambition in the administration thereof; fo as to ftrengthen the motives and the means of a powerful fet of men, to refift and keep down the infolent, republican fpirit of the people. For a ftanding order of nobility, thus twisted into the government, will be more to be relied on, than any standing army whatever, of mere plebeians, as is evinced in the cafe of the French revolution; that deteftable fubverfion of the noble prerogatives of the few, in favour of the vulgar rights of the many.

5th. As it will faften the better,

the bleffings of an irredeemable debt. For, as the taxes, for the debt, will keep the people obedient and fober, the nobility, mounted on the debt, will perpetuate the taxes on the people; and fo perpetuate both these bleffings.

This idea, of founding a nobility on a funded debt, is perfectly an original invention; and, being no lefs ingenious than important, the author hopes to be rewarded with a special act of grace, admitting him to rank in the Order of Modern Justice," if no higher. If not fo rewarded, he hereby gives notice, that he infifts on his right to a patent.

If the invention take with the public, as it deferves, he intends to complete the idea, by funding a king on the funded nobility; and fhall then expect an advancement to the "Order of Scrip."

ARCHIMEDES.

P. S. As it may have happened, that the laudable paffion of getting other people's money, and fpending their own, may have lately pushed a number of worthy adventurers into extravagancies, degrading them from their rank on the fcale of wealth, whereby they may lofe the promotion defigned them, and impede the whole plan; it is therefore to be underflood, that the lift to be made out as above, fhall have reference to the

day of laft; and all loffes fubfequent thereto, to be made up, directly or indirectly, out of the fund appropriated to purchafing in the public debt; which will alfo have the advantage of leffening the reduction thereof. And it is conceived, that this relief to the fufferers will be the more proper, in as much as a great part of the people to be taxed therefor, were heretofore relieved, in their distress, by that class of their fellowcitizens, who generously allowed them 25. and, in fome inftances, as high as 2/6 in the pound, for their certificates; and gratitude, equally as juftice, now requires all fuch people, in turn, to fave their benefactors from

Plan of an Agreement, among the Powers in Europe, and the United States of America, for the Purpfe of rewarding Difcoveries of general Benefit to Society; by Sir John Sinclair, Baronet, Prefident of the Board of Agriculture.

HE plan of establishing a board

of agriculture, for promoting the internal improvement of Great Britain, though long a favourite idea of the perfon who brought forward that propofal, yet could never have been carried to its present state of perfection, had it not been for an

extenfive tour which the author made through fome of the most interefting parts of Europe. In the course of that tour, he faw feveral valuable inftitutions for public purposes, from each of which, as well as from thofe at home, he took fuch hints as feemed to him likely to be of service; and formed on the whole, the plan of an establishment, on a scale fufficiently extenfive, to merit, in his opininion, the approbation of the British parliament. They were prevailed upon to adopt it, not, howe ver, without fome oppofition, and merely as an experiment. The refult, he flatters himself, must be in the highest degree fatisfactory to thofe who wished well to fuch an undertaking. The board was conftituted only on the 4th of Sept. 1793, and already a greater mats of agricul tural and ftatistical knowledge has been collected, in little more than a year and an half, than ever was accumulated before in fo fhort a period.

The improvement of his native country was not the fole object which the author, however anxious to promote it, had in view when he formed this eftablishment. He well knew it would foon prove of general bene

fit to fociety. The carrying on, therefore, a correfpondence with foreign ftates, difpofed to enter into fuch an intercourfe, was a part of the original plan. A fecretary, acquainted with feveral of the moft important languages in Europe, was attached to the board, for the purpose of conducting that correfpondence-and though the war, fo generally raging on the continent, has given a different direction to the minds of men, and greatly impeded fuch an intercourfe, yet much useful information has been received from, and communicated to foreign countries, fince the board was established.

There are fome points connected with the improvement of a country, which are only applicable to particular places; an improvement, for inftance, in the culture of the vine, would be of no use to the northern parts of Europe; nor would it be of any confequence to the fouthern, that the Scotch fir could be made doubly valuable, by ufing the branches of young fir, as an article of food for fheep or cattle, in the winter feafon, when it is fo difficult to fupport them. There are many objects, how ever, of equal importance to all countries, and in the improvement of which, every nation is equally interefted; for example, any difcoveries in confequence of which a greater quantity of animal or vegetable food can be produced for the ufe of manany improvement in medicine-in the means of faving fuel-in the conftruction of houfes for the lower orders of the people, &c. and many other particulars of a fimilar nature. Difcoveries made in one country, gradually reach another; but the interval is often tedious, and the lofs thereby fuftained is great-whereas, if the progrefs could be accelerated, the confequences might be in the highest degree beneficial, not only to the country that receives, but to the one that makes the discovery. For no individual, or even nation, can carry any art or new invention to its ultimate state of perfection. It muft

be improved upon for that purpose, by the inveftigation and experience of others.

Deeply impreffed with the juftnefs and importance of thefe ideas, I take the liberty of fubmitting to the confideration of those interested with the government of this and other states, the propriety of a general agreement among the powers of Europe, and the United States of America, for the purpose of rewarding those who make any ufeful difcovery, interefting to the fpecies at large, in rural economy, in medicine, or in the useful arts; and that every means be taken to have the fame rapidly extended, and brought to its ultimate ftate of perfection.

Such an agreement would be attended with but little expenfe to the different powers who entered into it; whilft the credit, the fatisfaction, and the benefit, which each government would ultimately derive from fuch an undertaking, would be of infinite value.

If each power fhould agree to pay a fum, call it from 50l. to 5ool. or 1000l. according to the amount of its revenue, and to the advantage it would be likely to obtain from any new invention of the nature above alluded to; it would be of little confequence to each; whilft the total would be of confiderable value to the fortunate difcoverer.

The attention of mankind being directed to fuch objects, it is impoffible to fay, to what perfection the arts, neceflary for their comfort and fuftenance, might be carried.

The defire for fame and emolument, and the emulation of many nations, rivalling each other in fuch arts, would foon produce discoveries, the importance of which, can hardly be estimated at present.

And fuch an understanding, though it would not probably put a stop to war, yet might have the effect of rendering wars lefs frequent, and less ferocious.

I was led to bring forward fuch reflections, fooner than otherwise I