IN writing of the pioneers of the new school of medicine, it seems but a fitting tribute to homœopathy that I should allude briefly to the founder. Samuel Hahnemann was born in Germany, April 10, 1755, and died in Paris, July 2, 1843, being thus nearly ninety years of age. At the age of eighty he married his second wife, a highly educated lady, who was of the greatest assistance to him in completing his last literary works. Hahnemann, as a physician, was distinguished by his profound learning and the broadest medical culture of his times. His extensive reading of medical books enabled him to make valuable citations and to prove his positions in the work published by him in 1810. From the little spark thus kindled by Hahnemann in his office at Leipsig, homœopathy has been introduced into every country on the globe. From the solitary promulgator of reform in Germany, advocates have penetrated to other countries exercising their inborn right to liberty of judgment. In the year 1825, homoeopathy was first introduced into the United States.

A student of Hahnemann, who had spent thirteen years in the study and practice of medicine in Copenhagen, located in the city of New York. This early pioneer was the late Dr. H. B. Gram, who bore testimonials from such eminent men as Calisen, Satorph, Falk

enthal, Fenger, and other celebrites of the Danish school of medicine. As a proof of the high estimation in which Dr. Gram was held, I need only allude to the fact that he was professionally consulted by Fenger, who was surgeon to the king. He was also consulting physician and one of the surgical staff of the Royal Military hospital for a period of seven years during the Napoleon wars. Sixty years ago there were no books or publications, in the English language, treating on the subject of homœopathy. But the American soil was ripe for the seeds of reform in medicine. No laws existed there prohibiting physicians from dispensing their own medicine, as was the case in many of the cities of the old world. Freedom in religion and medicine was guaranteed to all in the Declaration of Independence. With no laws to trammel reform and retard the progress of education, it is not strange that homoeopathy should make rapid advancement. A little over a half century since Dr. Gram opened an office in New York City, and to-day physicians of the new school of medicine are numbered by the thousands, while the doctrines advocated by them, as taught by Hahnemann, are followed by millions of intelligent and cultured people. Colleges, dispensaries and hospitals dot nearly every city in the United States. Cities and rural dis

tricts now have homoeopathic physicians engaged in large and reputable as well as lucrative fields of labor. These few words as a transient tribute to the worthy herald of cis-Atlantic homoeopathy. Thus from a single voice advocating a new system of medicine sixty years ago, and the present response, the reader may draw the inevitable conclusion. Dr. Gram died in New York on the eighteenth day of February, 1840. Over his remains in Greenwood cemetery has been erected a monument by the homoopathic physicians of the United States. Ohio was the first western state, and the ninth of the Union, in which homoopathy was introduced. Dr. Strum, a native of Germany, also a student of Hahnemann, located in Cincinnati some time during the year 1839. To him belongs the honor of having been the pioneer of the great west.

In the year 1843, Dr. R. E. W. Adams introduced homœopathy into northern Ohio, locating in Cleveland. His first patient was Mr B. F. Rouse, now living on Dunham avenue, Cleveland This, his first patient, was successfully treated for quinsy. Dr. Adams remained in Cleveland only a few years when he removed to Springfield, Illinois, where he died in the year 1870.

In the year 1844 Dr. Daniel O. Hoyt came to Cleveland, associating himself in the practice of medicine with Dr. Adams. Dr. Hoyt practiced his profession for over thirty years in this city. He was ever prompt, kind and courteous to his patients. Dr. Hoyt was a Dr. Hoyt was a graduate from Dartmouth college. He practiced medicine after the manner of

the old school for several years before he located in Cleveland.

Doctor Hoyt died at his old homestead on Columbus street, Cleveland, on the tenth day of August, 1874, in the eighty-seventh year of his age.

Doctor Casperi, an Italian by birth, located in Ravenna in 1843, remaining there a few years, when he removed to Louisville, Kentucky. Here he resided until the time of his death, which occurred a few years since.

In 1844 Dr. Schlagel, a German physician, opened an office in Amherst, Ohio. From this place he extended his practice to Oberlin, Elyria and other adjacent towns.

Doctor Alexander H. Burritt was the the son of Doctor Ely Burritt of Troy, New York. He was graduated in New York in 1827, after which he practiced old school medicine in Washington county, New York, for eleven years. He then entered the office of Doctor John F. Gray of New York City, where he remained for a period of two years as a student of homoeopathy. September 10, 1840, he located in Burton, Ohio. In 1849 he received the appointment of professor of obstetrics in the Western College of Homœopathic Medicine. His health failing him about this time, it became necessary for him to seek a warmer climate. He opened an office in New Orleans, whither he had gone for the purpose of bettering his physical condition. This was in 1850. Here he continued the practice of hist profession until the time of his death, which occurred a few years since. At the time of his death Dr. Burritt was

about seventy-seven years old. Doctor Burritt was one of the original founders of the Homœopathic College of Cleveland, in 1849, and vice-president of the board of trustees.

In 1845 Doctor David Sheppard commenced the practice of medicine at Bainbridge. He was a successful medical practitioner, as well as a thriving stock grower. The doctor had a large farm to which he devoted a portion of his time when not too much occupied with his professional duties. It was upon this farm that he died about two years since.

Doctor Alpheus Morrill located in Akron, in 1846, where he contracted fever and ague, which was his constant companion for upwards of two years. He removed from Akron to Columbus, Ohio, and resumed the practice of his profession. He found, too, that this location was a malarious one, and in a few months he removed to Concord, New Hampshire, where he died in 1868. Doctor Morrill was a member of the American Institute of Homoeopathy, an organization that he loved and cherished, and the annual meetings of which he regularly attended. Doctor Crosby, a partner of Doctor Morrill while in Akron, left about the same time, going east in order to escape the malarious atmosphere for which Akron has been justly celebrated for so many years.

Doctor B. W. Richmond located in Chardon; Doctor Stevens in Windsor; and Doctor A. H. Plimpton in Painesville, in 1845.

Doctor Edwin W. Cowles was

a

student of medicine in the office of Dr. O. K. Hawley, and a graduate from the Jefferson Medical college. In the year 1845 he became a disciple of Hahnemann and commenced the practice of homoeopathy in Cleveland. Two years afterwards he removed to Ann Arbor, Michigan. In the year 1832 the steamer Henry Clay arrived in Cleveland from Buffalo. When opposite the cemetery at the foot of Superior street, the captain appeared upon. the deck and announced that cholera had broken out on his boat, and that several of his passengers, as well as a portion of the crew, were dead, and with earnestness the captain added, "For God's sake send a doctor on board." Immediately the large crowd that had assembled on the dock became panicstricken and rushed up the hill at breakneck speed, some fleeing into the country on horseback.

Doctor Cowles received notice that his professional services were required on board the steamer where cholera was raging. He took charge of the sick and famine-stricken passengers and crew, giving them words of encouragement and cheer, thus speedily restoring confidence. The captain and passengers were so urgent in their request that he should remain on board the steamer until she reached Detroit, that he acquiesced. His friends bade him farewell, never expecting to see him again. In a few days, however, the doctor returned safely to Cleveland, much to the surprise and delight of all.

D. H. BECKWITH.

UPON the overthrow of Napoleon, and the return of the Bourbon family to power, upwards of four hundred people were either proscribed or voluntarily fled from a scene in which they anticipated unhappiness greater than that arising from expatriation. They sought refuge in America, having selected a tract of land of one hundred thousand acres which they purchased, and formed a colony in that section of the southwest known as Texas. They named the colony Le Champ d' Asile, and chose General L'Allemand as commander-inchief, and M Rigaud as second in com mand.

The interest excited upon the occasion of the proscription conferred honor upon the philanthropy of the French character. The citizens of France felt for their unfortunate brethren, removed so many thousand leagues from the mother country, for which they had fought and bled during a succession of arduous campaigns. The pencils of artists gave delineations of domestic scenes supposed to be transacting at the Champ d' Asile, which were eagerly purchased by the public. If, therefore, these generous exertions were unattended by the result proposed, and the ideal scenes of bliss experienced by the colonists proved but visionary chimeras, no fault was attachable to the French peo

ple who acted in union with the dictates of pure philanthropy and brotherly love. The Champ d' Asile continued to flourish but for a short period. Accumulated misfortunes pursued these expatriated Frenchmen, a narrative of whose sufferings appeared in June, 1819, under the title of "Le Texas, on Notice Historique sur le Champ d' Asile," written by Messrs. Hartmann and Millard, mem bers of the unfortunate colony.

In the month of March, 1818, a large number of the refugees arrived at Galveston (in those days Galweston), having experienced the greatest hardships at sea, being obliged to throw their baggage and provisions overboard in order to save themselves from a watery grave. Their vessel touched upon a bank, and from their perilous position they were rescued by the inhabitants of Galveston. In this port the party remained for two days, when they again set sail and arrived at Point Perry, where General L'Allemand and M. Rigaud determined to proceed by land to the Champ d' Asile, situated near the River Trinity, about twenty leagues from the Gulf of Mexico. To the destined spot they began their march with a detachment of one hundred men, while the remainder were left to find the mouth of the river and escort the provisions and ammunition, under the command of Colonel Sarrazin,

who thought himself perfectly convers ant with the current of the stream. Thus situated, they believed that upon the following day they should gain the place of their destination and rejoin their companions

The marching party had only taken provisions for two days, and upon the third and fourth days they became assailed by the ravages of hunger, and conceiving that they had made a precious discovery in a plant, precisely resembling lettuce, they dressed and ate it as food. Immediately the dreadful effects of the plant became manifest, as they had partaken of a violent poison. Half an hour after this fatal meal, every one who had eaten of the herb was writh ing upon the earth, torn by the most agonizing convulsions. General L'Allemand, M. Rigaud and Surgeon Mann, though equally a prey to the gnawings of hunger, having prudently abstained from tasting the food, escaped the fatal malady. It is, however, scarcely possible to conceive the horrors of their sit

uation, surrounded as they were by ninety-seven bodies, whose contortions and agonizing writhings announced a speedy dissolution, without possessing the least means of affording them assistance, as the medicine chests had remained in the vessel. In the midst of this state of maddening anxiety, all-merciful Providence, as if intentionally, conducted to the spot an Indian of the Cochatis tribe, who, like the genius of mercy, appeared to snatch from death these wretched sufferers. Upon viewing the state of the prostrate colonists, and being presented with a sample of the

plant they had swallowed, the Indian raised his hands and eyes to Heaven, and uttering a yell of the most piercing kind, departed with the speed of a horse, and shortly afterward returned with a quantity of herbs he had collected. These were instantly boiled according to his direction, and with the assistance of a piece of wood, to which they had recourse to open the mouths of the poisoned, a potion was administered to each. They shortly after regained their senses, and, by degrees, were restored, though they continued to suffer some days from the effects of the poison.

It is easy to imagine the emotions of gratitude which they felt toward this kind and gentle savage, who appeared, however, to attach no price to the inestimable service thus rendered to humanity. Upon this subject the writer of the history of the colony offers the following feeling apostrophe :

O, beneficent savage! never shall the name of thy nation be obliterated from my memory. The refu,

gees of the Champ d' Asile have raised to thee an

everlasting monument in their grateful recollections, which has for its basis friendship and gratitude. We have francise many words which do not convey to

our ideas that of Cochatis. Oh! would it might become to all the world synonymous with gratitude and humanity!

It was not until the expiration of six days that the embarkation joined the detachment on the banks of the Trinity, on account of their having sailed too far out to sea, by which means they were delayed in ascertaining the mouth of the river. Knowing that their companions had provisions only for two days, their fears produced, in a mental point of view, sufferings equal to those of their