located, and has reflected credit on the public-spirited men who brought it into being and have made it what it is.

Mr. Moulton, in addition to the above business connections, is also vice-president of the United States Concave Spring company, and the United States Equipment company, in which offices his rare executive ability found still further scope and gave him an added sphere of usefulness. He has also been largely interested in Colorado mining operations; and is a member of the heavy coal and lumber firm of Buffalo, that of Adams, Moulton & Company, in which his son, Frank T. Moulton, is engaged. It is one of the leading firms of Buffalo and has a large business and extensive connections. Mr. Moulton was married to Miss Lucy O. Giles of Beverly, Massachusetts, who is descended

from an old and respected New England family. Three children have been the fruit of that union, the son above mentioned and two daughters.

Mr. Moulton has well earned the high position he holds in the business world, and the material results he has produced while yet a young man, comparatively speaking, are the fruits of his own ability, energy and wisdom. In his business intercourse with men he is prompt and energetic in manner, courteous to all, bold and vigorous in counsel and decision upon important measures, almost unerring in his judgment of men and measures, and of sterling integrity. In his personal relations he is a true friend and companionable, and loyal to every claim that friendship or duty can make upon him.

THEODORE JOHNSON.

EXCELLENTLY well written and beautifully printed is the monograph just published in Baltimore, the work of Clayton C. Hall, entitled "The Great Seal of Marylanu ". —a paper read before the Maryland Historical society, December 14, 1885. It is No. 23 of the Peabody Fund publications.

"Most of the states," says Mr. Hall, "have upon their seals emblems indicative of agriculture and commerce, plenty and prosperity, or kindred subjects, represented in a more or less pictorial or allegorical manner. The colonies that were governed directly under the British crown formerly had seals upon which were symbols of the royal authority; but these were discarded at the time of the Revolution, and in their stead were adopted devices more in harmony with the new order of affairs." But "the Great Seal of Maryland" presents a marked contrast to those of the other states of the American Union in that its device consists of armorial bearings of a strictly heraldric character, being, in fact, the family arms of the Lords Baltimore, which were placed by the arst proprietary upon the seal of the province at the time of its founding."

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Maryland," continues Mr. Hall, "like the other states, put aside shortly after the Revolution the seal in use during the colonial period and adopted one supposed to be more in consonance with the spirit of republican institutions; but after a while the historic interest attaching to the old provincial seal came to be recognized, and the ancient coat-of-arms was finally, by legislative enactment, restored to the seal of the state. Interest in the subject has lately been revived by the discovery at Annapolis of the old seal used under the proprietary government of the Lords Baltimore, which was believed to have been long ago destroyed. It is safe to say that the old silver

seal thus recently brought to light is the most interesting, if not the oldest relic of the kind in this country."

"I ENTERTAIN," wrote Washington to Matthew Carey, on the twenty-fifth of June, 1788, "an high idea of the utility of periodical publications; insomuch that I could heartily desire copies of the Museum and Magazine, as well as common gazettes, might be spread through every city, town and village in America. I consider such easy vehicles of knowledge more happily calculated than any other to preserve the liberty, stimulate the industry and meliorate the morals of an enlightened and free people."

THE history of the "Moravian Lands" in what is now Tuscarawas county, Ohio, is an interesting one. After the dispersion of the "Moravian Indian Mission" from the valley of the Tuscarawas river by the English and their several allies, and the killing by Williamson's men of about ninety "Moravian Indians" at Gnadenhütten, in March, 1782, the Moravian church, whose headquarters in America were then (as now) at Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, petitioned congress for a reservation of the lands previously occupied by the mission, which, as was claimed, had been granted them by the Delawares in 1772. On the twentieth of May, 1785, congress passed an act that the towns of Gnadenhütten, Schoenbrunn and Salem and so much of the adjoining land as in the jugdment of the geographer of the United States might be sufficient for them, together with the buildings and other improvements, should be reserved for the sole use of the "Moravian Indians" settled there. Subsequently, on the first of June, 1796, further legislation was had making more definite what

It was

The lands thus granted were soon after surveyed, they being known as the Gnadenhtüten, Schoenbrunn and Salem tracts. A patent was issued for these in 1798, in accordance with the act of congress of June, 1796. The Indians were collected in a new village called Goshen, near the former Schoenbrunn. finally thought best that the Indians should be removed and that the church should divest itself of its trusteeship; so, on the fourth of August, 1823, a preliminary step was taken by an agreement on the part of the United States and the church for a retrocession of the lands to the general government. The Indians, by a subsequent treaty, were granted lands in the west in lieu of the three tracts, and also a small annuity. Under an act of congress, of the twenty-sixth of May, 1824, the whole of the "Moravian Lands' in the Tuscarawas valley were surveyed and sold, the purchasers thereof getting patents, of course, from the United States.

"HUNDREDS of families of squatters," wrote James Riley, a deputy United States surveyor, from Fort Wayne, Indiana, on the fourteenth of November, 1820, to Edward Tiffin, surveyorgeneral, have settled themselves on the public lands along down the Maumee river; no less than twenty at and about the junction of the Auglaize river, where Fort Defiance formerly stood. That situation is very high and beautiful. The lands in its vicinity are of the best quality. Several thousand acres of prairie, very rich, lie immediately east of that point, so desirable on many accounts; and hundreds of people have called on me this season, in the woods, begging to be informed when the lands at and about Defiance, as well as at Fort Wayne, were to be surveyed and sold, as they are waiting with the greatest impatience to make purchases, either in these towns or vicinity."

is

DURING the Revolution one of the most disastrous invasions of Kentucky by the enemy was against two stockades (forts) in the "Blue Grass Region." This was in 1780, and proved highly disastrous to the early settlers of that portion of Kentucky. The "Blue Grass Region" is, therefore, historic ground-one of peculiar interest to the student of western history. Strictly speaking, this "Region quite extensive; but the term, in a popular sense, applies only to a remarkable body (or area) of land in the heart of that state comprising six or eight counties, the center of which is the city of Lexington. The "Blue Grass Region" is so called because of its being underlaid by a peculiar, decomposable limestone, which gives to its grass a richness and permanent luxuriance nowhere else to be found. This grass, which is indigenous, but not in fact "blue," is propagated without cultivation; comes up thick and juicy early in the spring; ripens in June; renews its growth in autumn, and, retaining its verdure in spite of snow and ice, furnishes pasturage during the entire winter.

SPEAKING of Lexington reminds us that it is the original home of western Masonry. Here was organized the first lodge of Freemasons in the west. It was first known as "No. 25,"

but afterward named "No. 1." It was chartered by the Grand Lodge of Virginia on the seventeenth of November, 1788.

THE Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science' (Herbert B. Adams, editor), Fourth Series (VII, VIII, IX), is a "History of the Land Question in the United States," by Shosuke Sato. This work was undertaken in pursuance of special instructions from the Japanese government to investigate certain questions of agrarian and economic interest in the United States. The subject has three principal divisions: (1) Formation of the public domain; (2) administration of the public domain; and (3) the land system of the United States. Under the second head, the

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author treats of the famous ordinance of 1787, discussing, among other things, its authorship (pp. 104-117). We have here an almost complete bibliography-the names of all those who have written concerning it, and where their contributions may be found.

MR. ANDREW CARNEGIE'S generous gift of two hundred and fifty thousand dollars to Allegheny city, Pennsylvania, for a free library and music hall, has been accepted by the authorities of that city. The building will be of granite, fire-proof, and three stories high. The first floor is intended for a library, the second for a magnificent music hall, and the third for an art gallery. On Monday, May 31, the Pittsburgh select council and the chamber of commerce appointed committees to take steps to secure Mr. Carnegie's generous offer of five hundred thousand dollars toward establishing a free library also in that city.

THE name of Joel Barlow-poet, statesman and philosopher-has been "rescued from the waters of oblivion," very largely by his poem in praise of hasty-pudding, written in Chambery, Savoy, in January, 1793. These are the opening words of "Canto I.":

Ye Alps audacious, through the heavens that rise,
To cramp the day and hide me from the skies;
Ye Gallic flags, that, o'er their heights unfurled,
Bear death to kings and freedom to the world,
I sing not you. A softer theme I choose,
A virgin theme, unconscious of the muse,
But fruitful, rich, well suited to inspire
The purest frenzy of poetic fire.
Despise it not, ye bards to terror steel'd,
Who hurl your thunders round the epic field;
Nor ye who strain your midnight throats to sing
Joys that the vineyard and the still-house bring;
Or on some distant fair your notes employ,
And speak of raptures that you ne'er enjoy.
I sing the sweets I know, the charms I feel,
My morning incense, and my evening meal-
The sweets of Hasty-Pudding.

Now, the critic insists, as hasty-pudding, as an article of food, is passing out of use, that when the last bowl of it has been eaten, the poem will be forgotten. But this is doubtful.

THE city of Alexandria, Virginia, is a port of entry and county-seat of Alexandria county. It is located on the right bank of the Potomac river, seven miles below Washington. The river, here a mile wide, forms a commodious harbor, sufficiently deep for the largest ships. From a Washington letter in the Chicago Tribune, we glean some interesting facts concerning this ancient mart, which, a century ago, rivaled Baltimore. General Washington, Governor Lee and other prominent Virginians interested themselves in its early development, and at one time thought it would become a greater city than Baltimore. Its claims were strongly advanced as a suitable place for the location of the permanent seat of the government. A large trade was done with the West Indies and some with China. The country around Alexandria then, for many miles back from the river, was settled by the descendants of the early English colonists, Lord Fairfax owning a large estate. Mount Vernon, ten miles below, was an estate of over six thousand acres, and the Arlington estate, seven miles up the river, contained several thonsand acres, acquired by a royal charter during the reign of George II. The Lees, Minors, Botts, Berkeleys, Fitzhues and Dangerfields, all owned large estates and hundreds of slaves, raising large crops of tobacco and wheat, all of which was shipped from this young city. West India rum and fine wines were largely imported; for all the nabobs were high livers and spent much time in entertainment and fox-hunting. But, like many other prominent cities in the early years of the nation, Alexandria failed to achieve the prominence that was anticipated. The causes were many. The channels of trade and commerce turned in other directions. It is now a city of about fifteen thousand inhabitants, and all of its ancient glory is departed.

FROM the fall of 1781 to the fall of 1783 Brigadier-general William Irvine was in command of Fort Pitt, Pittsburgh. This was a very interesting period in the west, and many stirring scenes were enacted which have passed

I beg your interest in getting me the appointment of quartermaster. If any are to be appointed, I may as well continue, unless they [the general government] will pay me off. The public have had all I could spare and my services also; so that, I cannot get the sum due, I had better continue. I have to go to John Small's to saw the quantity of plank the public will stand in need of. Twoinch plank, twelve and a half and ten inches wide-fifteen thousand feet are what Captain [Isaac] Craig made the bill for and the cash to be paid in the spring. This is to put you in mind of money. As this article [the lumber] will sink nearly one hundred pounds, you will be the better able to judge what sum will be sufficient to carry on business at this post.

From your sincere friend, etc.,
SAMUEL SAMPLE.

II.

JACOB'S CREEK, April 2, 1782. SIR: After my best compliments to you, I inform you that I arrived safe at Fort Pitt.

At my arrival, I saw the poor man whose name is Robert [illegible], that made mention of to yonr Honor, concerning a cow that Captain [illegible] took as he came up, with your Honor's baggage; which, from his clandestine manner of taking the cow, it seems that he did not want to make the least satisfaction for the same. As the poor man is in very low circumstances, I hope you will take him under your consideration.

over during the second half of the seventeenth century. One, a very liberal and energetic man, married the granddaughter of Pocahontas, and his son, devoting himself to planting and trading on the James river, found the bulk of his profits in an immense traffic with his relatives, the Indians, who flocked as one man to his support. From this marriage many existing Virginia families are directly descended, and they are proud of their Indian blood. Eccentric John Randolph was a descendant, and was boastful of his relationship with the imperial house of Powhatan, whose grave, by the way, is preserved a few miles below Richmond, and affords a pleasant Sunday afternoon stroll for the citizens. Jefferson also was related to the Indians, but he was careful not to allude in any triumphant spirit to the redness of his blood, being the father of the Declaration of Independence. John Rolf, the princess' husband, was of Norman descent with William, the Conquerer, in England, and a graduate of Oxford; the specimens of his writings handed down attest both his scholarship and benevolence. He was the first American historian, and as such deserves mention, though his history was short, confined to a brief description, dedicated to the king, of the petty colony; but his fame rests on alarger basis, viz;: that of having been the first tobacco planter; of demonstrating its importance as a vast source of wealth to the future planters. In one of his letters he declares that his main motive in marrying the princess was her religious instruction; whatever his motive,' certainly his marriage was a success. His wife's descendants are either so numerous or held in such high honor as to have given rise to the saying outside of the borders of the state, that "Every family in Virginia is descended from Pocahontas." It has been suggested, however, by a Virginia antiquarian, that while the claimants are many, the genuine descendants of Pocahontas are few.

THE Bibliotheca Hispano-Americana' of Beristani de Souza, printed in Mexico in 1816-21, is in three volumes and contains the earliest