and Bell Isle park emancipated and forever dedicated to its real and only legitimate use, as a safe and innocent pleasure-ground for the people.

During the month of April, 1886, a large mass meeting was held in Detroit to express the sentiments of the people upon this important question. It included persons of every race, religion and polictical affiliation, and after taking strong ground against the attitude of the city council and the park commission, passed a resolution thanking Messrs. Ferry and Moore for their Spartan service upon that commission.

He married, on the first of October, 1867, Addie E. Miller, of Unadilla, Otsego county, New York. Mr. and Mrs. Ferry have four children.

Mr. Ferry is a man to whom the most envious can scarcely grudge success, so well has he earned it, so well does he use it, so entirely does he lack pride of purse. He is kind, unaffected, approachable, unspoiled. Every comer has a claim upon his courteous attention, and the irascibility so common

among busy men among busy men is entirely foreign to his character. His history, like that of thousands of others who have begun life poor, and by industry, energy and economy, risen to places of trust and honor, proves conclusively how false is the view now advanced by so many "agitators" and demagogues, that there is a natural and impassible barrier between labor and capital. It would be difficult for any one to say at just what stage in their progress such men cease to be laborers and become capitalists.

Mr. Ferry's business associates give him unlimited confidence and respect. His employés are devoted to him, and he is their friend-a thoroughly kind, though a very acute and firm employer. In his social circle his genial and unaffected kindness makes him beloved, and in every public relation he is well described in the quotation above-"a man above reproach; an intelligent, public-spirited citizen, one of whom Detroit may well be proud."

Patria cara, cariar libertas. THE family from which was descended Zachariah Chandler, for many years United States senator, from Michigan, and the political leader of that state, was English. The first of the name came to the colony of Massachusetts Bay during the days of the Puritan exodus and settled at Roxbury about

the year 1736. When in 1732 and 1733 "The Great and General Court of Massachusetts" set apart certain lands in the province for apportionment "among the soldiers who had served in King Philip's or the Narragansett war, and their surviving heirs at law," Zachariah Chandler, of Roxbury-claiming, by right of his wife's

father, Thomas Bishop-was one of the eight hundred and forty persons who shared in the distribution. The lands appropriated for the purpose, consisted of seven townships, among which was that then described as Sauhegan-East, in the province of Massachusetts, now the town of Bedford, New Hampshire. Of the persons benefited by this distribution, nearly all transferred their claims, and Zachariah Chandler was, one of the few original patentees who took up land under the grant, and retained the title. His son, Thomas Chandler, took possession of and settled upon the new farm on the Merrimac, and his descendants, living in Bedford, are believed to be the only representatives of the original owners now holding the portion of the Narragansett lands situated in that town.

The Thomas Chandler, who first settled at Bedford, was the great-grandfather of Zachariah Chandler, the subject of this sketch, and he was one of the few persons of English blood who made actual settlement in the township. The purchasers from the original grantees were very generally representatives of the sturdy Scotch race, which made an early emigration to Ireland, and thence to the American colonies. There were also some Irish families, and, as has been said, a few English, but the genius of the place was essentially Scotch-the Scotch Presbyterian church was the religious center, and Scotch canniness, honesty, independence and frugality were marked characteristics of its people.

Thomas Chandler and his descendants took to themselves wives from the vicinage. Thomas married Hanna, daughter of Colonel John Goff, by whom he had four children-three daughters and a son, Zachariah. The latter married Sarah Patten, the second daughter of Captain Samuel Patten; and his second son, Samuel, born on the twentyeighth day of May, 1744, married Margaret Orr, the eldest daughter of Colonel John Orr, General Stark's most trusted officer. Zachariah Chandler, the subject of this sketch, was one of the seven children of this marriage. Of these, two died before reaching maturity; one, Annis, married Franklin Moore and became a resident of Detroit; and two, Samuel Chandler, jr., and John Orr Chandler, died in early manhood, victims of a constitutional pulmonary weakness. Both of these men were liberally educated, one having taken the course at Dartmouth and Union colleges, and the other, after receiving his degree from Dartmouth, having followed the theological course at Andover for one year. The father died at Bedford, January 11, 1870, at the great age of ninety-five years, and the mother in 1855, at the age of eightyone. Zachariah Chandler of Michigan was the only one of Samuel Chandler's sons who escaped the tendency to consumption, and the only one who lived to do his life-work. He stood in marked contrast with his brothers; in his gigantic frame, great muscular strength, and abundant vitality and endurance, he seems to have been given the power

which, justly distributed, would have made them all men of average constitution and average longevity.

These successive infusions of the Scotch-Irish blood, and several generations passed in a community so strongly colored by the influence of the Scotch spirit, made Zachariah Chandler far less an Englishman in race and tradition than in name, but still more than English, Scotch or Irish, was he an American. The title to the lands of Bedford rested upon the military service of his ancestor in the bloody Narragansett war; the French war drew many of the town inhabitants into the ranks, and, when came the Revolution, almost every person capable of bearing arms was in the colonial ranks, while the old men, the women, and the boys, too young to fight, saw to it that Toryism should find no shelter in the place. The only man in Bedford who refused to subscribe the patriotic declaration of its people, was the Rev. John Houston, minister of the church, and he was ousted for his Tory leanings. Such an act meant much in a community of which the church was the paramount interest-the centre of social and intellectual, as well as of religious life.

In the patriotic spirit and the military service of the Bedford people, the members of the Chandler family had a prominent share, as they did in the public affairs of the town and province, the later state and, to a similar degree, in the councils of the nation. The records of Bedford are full of evidence proving that they were always people of mark and consequence. The part

taken in the revolutionary war by the ancesters of Zachariah Chandler was especially distinguished, and the spirit of the homes in which Samuel Chandler and his distinguished son were reared, and of the social atmosphere in which they lived was well calculated to develop unselfish love of country and ahigh devotion to that country's service. The value of such an environment cannot be exactly estimated, but there is slight danger that it will be overrated. With it even mediocrity may be aroused. to heroic service, and without it the greatest natural capacity and the highest natural instincts rust, ineffective, and unused.

Did space permit it would be interesting to give exhaustive examination to the family antecedents of the great man of whom this sketch is written, to relate more particularly the records of others of his name and blood, and to analyze more closely the social conditions which made possible his career, but the mere outline given must suffice, and with treatment almost as brief the story of his own earlier years must be dismissed.

Zachariah Chandler* was born in the ample farm house, built by his father in in the year 1800, on the tenth day of December, 1813. His father was a man of comfortable, even liberal means, intelligent, energetic and influential in church and municipal affairs. He was a man of moderate height and spare

* The entry of Mr. Chandler's birth, made in the family Bible, gives his Christian name as Zacharias In his manhood the archaic spelling was dropped and the more modern form adopted.

figure, as was his father, Zachariah. Margaret Orr, the wife of Samuel Chandler, was a woman of large frame, strong physique and decided character. Her son resembled her in face and figure, and gained from her many of his most conspicuous mental traits. Decided, outspoken, fearless, and endowed with reliable and practical common sense, she exercised a decisive influence over all about her, and those who knew her and knew her son discovered in him many suggestions not only of the mother but of the distinguished John Orr, her father, whose place of leadership in New Hamshire during the Revolutionary days is undisputed.

From

As a boy, Zachariah Chandler was healthy, strong, quick-tempered and plucky. He was foremost in sports of every kind, an invincible wrestler among those of his own age, and whenever occasion demanded, a dangerous antagonist in more serious encounters. his pinafore days until about his fif teenth year, he attended the country school held in the small brick building which still stands in Bedford, scarcely changed since the day when he mastered the cardinal trinity of R's within its walls. During these school years he showed good ability, and applied himself sufficiently to maintain a creditable standing, emerging from his primary course with what the scholars of to-day, with all their pretension and elaborate methods, so often fail to give a thorough grounding in the rudiments of education. During his fifteenth and sixteenth years, he attended the academies at Pembroke and Derry, with his

brother, who was fitting for college, and, later, supplemented his studies by the valuable training which so generally formed a part of the experience of the youth of rural New England in those days, in teaching the school of the Piscataquog district during one winter term. In this service he found it necessary to make a physical conquest of the unruly "big boys" before he could begin his mental training, and there are still living in the "Squog District," men who have a tingling memory of his conscientious thoroughness as teacher militant. While thus engaged, Mr. Chandler became acquainted with a young Dartmouth sophomore, who was winning his way through college by teaching, and had charge of the Bedford school. This was James F. Joy, now of Detroit, and the acquaintance and friendship then formed were decisive in attracting Mr. Chandler to Michigan.

During the later years of his residence in Bedford, young Chandler worked on his father's farm during the summer months, and, for a time, had its entire management.

He was recognized as

the equal of any "farm hand" in the town, and often engaged in contests of endurance and skill, in which he was usually the victor. Like Abraham Lincoln, he was the best wrestler of his neighborhood, and stood ready to meet all comers in vindication of his position.

In the year 1833, Mr. Chandler turned his back upon the school-house and farm, and entered the employment of Kendricks & Foster, merchants of Nashua, New Hampshire. Remaining with them only until September of the

same year, he joined his brother-in-law, Franklin Moore; and the two removed to Detroit, Michigan, which was ever afterward Mr. Chandler's home, save when he was called away by the duties of office.

It is said that Zachariah had been offered by his father, the choice between receiving the sum of one thousand dollars or a collegiate education, and that the money was chosen. Be this as it may, he was certainly aided by his father at the outset of his business life, and, later, Samuel Chandler bought a store for his use. The sums so advanced were, however, speedily repaid, and the young man received no other or different assistance in his venture.

Upon reaching Detroit, the brothersin-law formed a copartnership and began business as general merchants, under the name of Moore & Chandler. The beginning was a small one, but it was made upon a safe basis, and from the outset the management of the store was a happy combination of the conservatism which possesses and extends credit, and the considerate boldness which leaves no safe and promising experiment untried. In 1834 came the terrible visitation of Asiatic cholera, which transformed Detroit into a hospital and compelled an almost complete suspension of business. Mr. Chandler was one of the brave men who remained to face the enemy, and many of his waking hours were spent at the bedsides of the sick, and in paying the last offices to the appalling numbers of the dead. His splendid constitution carried him through the exposure and fatigue

of this time in safety, and it is probable that the gratitude he so well earned from the strangers among whom he had cast his lot, had no slight influence in his business future.

During the month of August, 1836, Mr. Moore retired from the business and Mr. Chandler continued it in his own name. His success and advancement were steady and substantial from the beginning. A good buyer, an excellent judge of the needs and tastes of the community in which he lived, skillful in selling, in the judgment of credits; and as a collector, he was at once energetic fearless and prudent-the first to find a new market and to push for its control, yet absolutely free from the speculative greed which so often scatters what business thrift has accumulated.

He won friends by the two-fold influences of strict business integrity and of personal kindness, retaining every friend he made, an unsolicited agent in the making of others. He avoided society, gave himself scarcely any recreation, lived upon three hundred dollars a year and slept in his store. Only to his association with the Presbyterian church did he surrender an hour of time which might forward the business. of his life. It required but little time for him to secure an established trade among the residents of Detroit and the surrounding farmers, to whom the city was a market and a trading point. Then, as the interior of the state opened before the wonderful tide of immigration, he added a jobbing department and followed the ever widening market to its frontiers, leaving no honest and