The Physical Metallurgy of Microalloyed Steels

alloy aluminium nitride annealing array atoms austenite grain bainitic boundary energy carbides and nitrides carbon content controlled rolling cooling rate corners dependent diameter diffusion dislocation dispersion strengthening dissolved ductile effects Equation equilibrium F. B. PICKERING factor ferrite grain fracture give given GLADMAN grain boundary grain growth grain refinement hot rolling impact transition temperature inclusion increase inhibition intercept lengths interphase precipitation interstitial lattice levels low carbon steels low temperatures manganese martensite matrix mean linear intercept Metals microalloy carbides microalloyed steels microalloying additions microalloying elements microstructure niobium carbide niobium carbo-nitride nitrogen nitrogen content nucleation number of edges Ostwald ripening pearlite plastic plate polygonal polyhedron precipitation strengthening radius range recrystallisation reduced second phase particles shown in Fig soaking temperature solubility product stress sub-grain tensile tetrahedron tetrakaidecahedron thickness titanium nitride transformation temperature vanadium carbide vanadium nitride void volume fraction whilst yield strength